TiO₂ is well-known as a photocatalysis material. One of the synthesis method of TiO₂ is using ion exchange reaction of layer-structured titanates. K₂Ti₄O₉, one of layer-structured titanates, with ion exchange ability in water, HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and water with an ion exchange resin was measured in terms of TG/DTA and XRD analysis. More ion exchange was occurred in water with an ion exchange resin than without it. And in acids it is more exchanged than in water and in water and an ion exchagne resin.

View full abstract

To prepare hydroxyapatite at low temperatures, several kinds of calcium carbonate powders and single crystal calcite were reacted with diammonium hydrogenphosphate. In the case of calcium carbonate powders, hydroxyapatite was produced after the reaction at 40°C for 4 h. In the case of single crystal calcite, althouth the products were observed on calcite surface, identification of the products was not simple.

View full abstract

Silica particles are well known to be synthesized by a neutralization reaction method, using HCl and water glass as starting materials. The merit of this method is able to produce conventionally the fine silica particles without high temperature or production of harmful organic vapors, etc., as is distinct from melting method, sol-gel method, etc. Present study was investigated on the formation mechanism of colloidal silica in order to obtain fine particles of optically pure silica for a phosphor matrix.

View full abstract

Thermal decomposition of zinc acetate in dry gas and high humidity atmospheres was Investigated by using TG-DTA-MS and XRD-DSC coupled with humidity generator. Thermal decomposition of zinc acetate in dry gas atmosphere does not give zinc oxide. On the other hand well crystallized zinc oxide is obtained under 250°C in high humidity atmosphere above 6 kPa.

View full abstract

The photocatalytic activities of three Aurivillius phases with a three-layered structure, Bi₂ANaNb₃O₁₂ (A=Sr, Ca) and Bi₂CaNaTa₃O₁₂, and the corresponding protonated forms prepared through selective leaching of bismuth oxide sheets were investigated. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed that the band gaps of these three Aurivillius phases increased after selective leaching. Only the converted protonated forms exhibited activity for photocatalytic H₂ evolution.

View full abstract

The changes in color and oxidation catalytic activity by heat treatment of ceria nanoparticles were investigated. Although as-prepared ceria powder was yellow, the powder calcined above 700°C was white and the oxidation catalytic activity greatly decreased. TG analysis of prepared ceria nanoparticles showed ca. 4% of weight loss from 200 to 700°C, while density of ceria particles increased with temperature up to 700°C. These results suggested that the change in colar of ceria particles with calcination was caused by the decrease of the lattice defect.

View full abstract

Visible light induced titania nanocrystals were prepared by “Homogeneous Precepitation-Hhydrothermal Process” in TiCl₃-Urea solution system. The phase composition, crystallinity, microstructure and specific surface area of titania powders were greatly affected by pH and hydrothermal treatment temperature. Blue or yellow titania powders with excellent visible light absorbency and photocatalytic nitrogen monoxide destruction ability under λ >510nm were prepared.

View full abstract

/La/Li-TiO₂ amorphous spheres have synthesized by sol-gel and ion-exchenge method and resulted in single-phase (La, Li)TiO₃ lithium ionic conductor. Precise control of La/Ti and Li/Ti compositions was further required in order to acquire higher ionic conduction. The effects of La³⁺/Li⁺ ion exchange conditions on Li/Ti ratio of La/Li-TiO₂ amorphous spheres was then examined using various ethanol/water solutions. The Li/Ti ratio was increased with an increase in ethanol/water ratio in solutions for La³⁺/Li⁺ ion exchange and independent of La/Ti.

View full abstract

We obrained a ferrocenium ion doped blue SiO₂ gel from a ferrocene doped yellow SiO₂ sol using the sol-gel method. The intensity of the 435-nm absorption peak of the gel decreases, while that of the 615-nm peak increases. It is concluded that a ferrocene molecule has been oxidized to a ferrocenium ion in the SiO₂ gel.

View full abstract

Several kinds of lithiated vanadium oxides were prepared by a solution process using lithium and vanadium alkoxides as starting materials. The products were characterized by the measurements of XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA and TG-DTA/GC-MS, and their lithium insertion and deinsertion properties were also investigated. It is found that V₂O₅, β, γ-phases (having the formula Li_xV₂O₅), LiVO₃, and Li₃VO₄ can be prepared with an increase in the additional values of the lithium alkoxide. The potentials of the lithium insertion and deinsertion are found to be more than 0.5 V higher than that of α-V₂O₅ or γ-phase prepared by a solid state reaction.

View full abstract

In order to elucidate the relationship between the structures of chemical modification reagents and the absorption bands of photosensitive gel films, ZrO₂ gel films were prepared from zirconium butoxide with various chemical modification reagents. It has been found that the absorption bands are controlled by the substituents of the reagents from ca. 280nm to 400nm.

View full abstract

We obtained Rhodamine B doped spherical organo-silica particles from the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of MTMS in a W/O emulsion composed of Rhodamine B aqueous solution, nonionic surfactant, n-octane and MTMS. The size of the particles is the order of some micrometers. In this work, MTMS was introduced both in oil and water phases of the W/O emulsion. By this method, silanol produced by the hydrolysis reaction at the interface between oil and water phases was successively supplied to the polymerization reaction in the water droplet in the emulsion. As a result, the particle became denser.

View full abstract

The formation of cellular patterns was investigated in the hybrid film made from Si-alkoxide and silane coupling reagents. In the early stage of the film formation, their shapes changed from roll to tetragonal. The origin of cell was attributed to the convection of SiO2 nanoparticles during film formation.

View full abstract

Inorganic-organic hybrid films from trimthoxysilylpropylmethacrylate(TMSPM) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) or Zr(OC₃H₇)₄ were prepared by the sol-gel method on PET, and their mechanical, optical and water permeation properties were evaluated. The dynamic hardness of the films was higher than that of PET. The hardness of the films increased with an increase in TMOS or Zr(OC₃H₇)₄ content. The water permeability of PET was suppressed by about 10% with the 80TMSPM·20Zr(OC₃H₇)₄ coating.

View full abstract

Novel transparent thin films of silica-based hybrids were prepared via hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkylsiloxane oligomers containing three trimethoxysilyl groups [RSi(OSi(OMe)₃)₃, R = alkyl, CnTTMSS], followed by spin-coating on glass substrates. The XRD patterns of the products showed a sharp diffraction peak with d values of ca. 2.5-3.5 nm with higher order diffractions, suggesting that the products have layered structures. The formation involves the self-assembly of cyclic tetramer formed by the intramolecular condensation as well as the cleavage of the siloxane bonds during the reaction in the precursor solutions.

View full abstract

Alkoxytrichlorosilanes (ROSiCl₃) were synthesized by the reaction of n-alcohols (ROH) with tetrachlorosilane (SiCl₄), and partial hydrolysis and the subsequent polycondensation of alkoxytrichlorosilanes (ROSiCl₃) yielded novel layered silica-organic nanocomposites. The products are composed of organic layers and silica layers stacked alternately on a nanometer length scale. The process depends on the partial hydrolysis of ROSiCl₃ to form amphiphilic alkoxysilanetriols [ROSi(OH)₃], which self-assemble into a bilayer structure, followed by polycondensation upon drying.

View full abstract

Polyphosphanosilazane (POPHPS) was synthesized by chemical modification of perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) with phosphonic acid dimethyl ester. The synthesized polymeric precursor was found to contain some Si-O-P and N-O-P bonds by chemical structure analysis using NMR technique. Amorphous Si-P-O-N ceramics were obtained by pyrolysis of this precursor under Ar atmosphere at 900°C with about 90 mass% ceramic yield using TG analysis. These results indicated that POPHPS is excellent precursor for amorphous coating materials.

View full abstract

Siloxane gel with co-continuous structure derived from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) were synthesized in 2- and O-dimensional confined spaces by inducing spinodal decomposition during sol-gel transition. The resultant macroporous gel morphology was 3-dimensionally examined by a laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The depth profile of volume fraction of gel phase oscillated near both hydrophobic and hydrophilic glass surfaces due to the attractive interactions between phase-separating siloxane phase and surfaces and/or shrinkage during aging stage. In 0-D confined space, surprisingly fine but disordered TMOS-derived gel has formed in broadened composition rage while MTMS-derived gel did not.

View full abstract

Mesoporous silica with hexagonal structure was synthesized by liquid-crystal templating method at room temperature. The synthesized products showed a narrow pore size distribution at around 2.0 nm in pore redius and the high specific surface areas at around 1100 m²/g. The crystallization kinetics of the mesoporous silica has been studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The activation energies of crystal growth obtained from the modified Kissinger-equation are 332 kJ/mol for the mesoporous silica with and 242 kJ/mol for the nonporous silica without surfactant template. The crystallization kinetics of Ti- and V-containing mesostructured silica was also discussed.

View full abstract

The reaction of Ti(OPrⁱ)₄(TIP) with alkanolamines and an association of the resultant Ti species were examined via NMR, IR, and cryoscopy measurements. Regardless of the kinds of the alkanolamines, alcohol exchange reactions occurred between the alcoholic moieties in alkanolamines and the isopropoxy groups in TIP and the N atom in the alkanolamines might be datively bonded to Ti. In the systems with the molar ratio of amine / TIP = 1, an association degree of the formed Ti species increased with increasing the concentration of TIP according to thermodynamical equilibriums of associations between various oligomers.

View full abstract

Recently functional nano-ceramic particles/organic hybrid materials have been receiving great attention in emerging areas. In the case of conventional preparation of nano inorganic particles/organic composite, nano inorganic particles tend to aggregate strongly. The process prepared by the authors, however, enables the synthesis of nano inorganic particles/organic hybrid with high homogeneity and dispersibility. In this study, hybridized thin films could be prepared by spin coating method under various conditions. The hybrids were characterized by optical properties, such as transparency and optical band gap.

View full abstract

In preparation for synthesizing LaCoO₃, gel was prepared by adding citric acid to the aqueous solution of La(NO₃)₃·6H₂0 and Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂0. The infrared (IR) spectrum indicates that the gel prepared with 0.007 mol of citric acid is the mixture LaCo(C₆H₅0₇)(NO₃)₃, lanthanum nitrate, and cobalt nitrate, while the gel prepared with 0.011 mol of citric acid is LaCo(C₆H₅0₇)(NO₃)₃. Perovskite-type LaCoO3 was obtained by firing the gel above 600°C. The LaCoO₃ surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and with respect to the catalytic activity of CO oxidation.

View full abstract

The LiNbO₃-Li₂TiO₃ composite crystal that has self-organized regular array microstructure with superstructure was prepared by using crystal growth method. And its formation mechanisms were investigated with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe micro analysis. The typical microstructure of obtained composite crystals was consisted of regular array of rod precipitates embedded in matrix. According to result of XRD and EPMA, the matrix phase was identified as phase M, and rod precipitates as Li₂TiO₃ solid solution respectively. The direction of super structure was identical in the longitudinal direction of rod precipitates.

View full abstract

LiNbO₃ is one of dielectric ceramics, and possesses ferroelectricity and a non-linear optic effect. The dielectric characteristic of the compound changes when TiO₂ is added. The so-called M-phase solid solutions in the Li₂O-Nb₂O-TiO₂ system were studied by XRD and HRTEM, and the dielectric constants of the compounds were also measured using an impedance analyzer. Characteristic satellite reflections of superstructure were confirmed from the peak of (012) on the XRD profiles.

View full abstract

A large amount of Tb₂O₃ has successfully been incorporated into a borate glass with a molar composition of 5B₂O₃-3Ga₂O₃-3SiO₂-P₂O₅. Raman scattering analysis revealed the existence of isolated orthoborate (BO₃)^3- groups with increasing rare-earth content. The obtained glass exhibited an excellent Faraday rotation effect in the visible region, which offered the Verdet constant of -146 rad./(Txm) at 632.8 nm at 300 K.

View full abstract

Photoluminescence (PL) and luminescence quantum yield of sol-gel-derived Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glasses were investigated. The PL spectra composed of two bands peaking at 410nm and 520nm. The 520nm-band, assigned to be carbon radical, increased its intensity with increasing the heat-treatment temperature, reaching a maximum value at 500°C. The incorporation of Al₂O₃, was effective to form the carbon-radical. The internal and external luminescence quantum yields were ∼60% and ∼16% for the Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass heated at 500°C

View full abstract

Utilization of phase separation phenomenon is one of the methods which can form interfaces in glass matrix in order to induce the light scattering. The purpose of this study is preparation of europium doped phase-separated alkaline earth silicate glasses, and the investigation of their fluorescence property. With increasing alkaline-earth content and ionic radius of alkaline-earth metal ion, the emission intensity of Eu³⁺ ion increased. The phase separation texture was variously changed due to the composition of glass matrix. It’s considered that fluorescence property of Eu³⁺ ion changes depending on phase separation texture.

View full abstract

Fluorescence properties of silicate glasses doped with rare-earth ions have been examined with excitation at 254nm, which corresponds to the wavelength of emission line observed for Hg. Among rare-earth ions, Gd³⁺ and Tb³⁺ exhibit relatively intense emission. When the concentration of Gd³⁺ is low, the emission intensity is apt to propotionally increase with an increase in the Gd³⁺ content, whereas the emisson intensity tends to be saturated at higher concentration of Gd³⁺ such as 5mol%.

View full abstract

We have observed persistent hole burning in frequency and wave-vector domains for multiple-scattered media consisting of Sm²⁺-doped glass powders. The hole burning occurs in the 4f⁶→4f⁵5d transition of Sm²⁺, in contrast to the conventional photoionization hole burning in the 4f⁶→4f⁶ transition of Sm²⁺. The presence of holes in the wave-vector domain shows that this phenomenon is associated with the interference of multiple-scattered light in disordered media. The width of spectral holes dramatically sharpens by the decrease of optical absorption and the increase of optical scattering.

View full abstract

Ternary titanophosphate glasses with composition 60TiO₂·xLa₂O₃·(40-x)P₂O₅ (x=0-6mol%) were prepared and the effect of the third component on optical properties of these glasses was examined. The refractive index and Abbe number were increased with increasing La₂O₃ content. Although the density also increased with La₂O₃ content, these glasses retained low density.

View full abstract

It has been reported that a large second-order optical nonlinearity in Ge-doped SiO₂ glass induced by UV-poling is originated from crystallization and defect formation in UV-poled glass. To clarify the origin of crystallization in the glass system and apply it to the glass films, crystallization behavior in relation to defect conditions in Ge-doped SiO₂ glass films was investigated. We found that changing the lattice spacing is related to amount of GeO₂ in crystalline phase. We investigated crystallization caused by heat-treatment, and tried to obtain a new observation that heat-treating together with UV irradiation to samples.

View full abstract

Crystallization behaviors of Gd₂0₃-Bi₂0₃-B₂0₃glasses were investigated to clarify the relation between precipitated crystalline phases and second harmonic (SH) intensity. The transparent surface crystallized glasses with a crystalline layer of about 7μm were successfully fabricated by annealing at temperatures in the glass transition region, and relatively strong SH intensities were observed. Crystals with two different morphologies (plate and needle shapes) were detected in polarized optical microscope observations, suggesting the formation of different nonlinear optical crystalline phases.

View full abstract

The relationship between mechanical strengthening of glasses and the microscopic structures fabricated by irradiation of femtosecond laser beam in glass was investigated. The soda-lime silicate glasses were irradiated by focused femtosecond laser beam to try glass strengthening. The average bending strength of the samples was improved about 1.4 times as compared with non-irradiate samples. The difference of the cracks pattern between in irradiated area and in non-irradiated area was observed on the fracture of broken sample using SEM. These results indicate that the irradiated areas contribute to suppress the extending of cracks and the bending strength increasing.

View full abstract

Sub-critical crack growth in sodium borosilicate glasses was investigated in inert environment by using the DCDC technique. The intrinsic fatigue behaviors of these glasses drastically changed with their compositions. It is found that the intrinsic fatigue parameter can be affected by the ratio of 3-fold coordinated borons to the total borons and by the microscopic phase separation. As for fracture toughness, the maximum value of 1.03 MPam^1/2 was obtained at the composition of Na₂O-B₂O₃-4SiO₂, which had the largest ratio of 4-fold coordinated borons. It is elucidated that the glass structure in a microscopic scale, such as the coordination number of network forming cations and the phase separation in a nm-scale, determines its fracture and fatigue behaviors.

View full abstract

Low temperature Ag⁺/Li⁺ ion-exchange was performed on Ag⁺-containing aluminosilicate glass to give refractive index pattern. 216°C was found to be high enough for Ag⁺/Li⁺ ion-exchange to proceed, and did not have any influence on the concentration profile in the region protected by Ti-coating. Using 2-step ion-exchange treatment, a patterning with 3 refractive-indices was demonstrated.

View full abstract

A dual-periodic multilayer structure, in which the optical thickness is modulated by a longer periodicity different from a fundamental one of the unit cell, is expected to have a specific optical feature. We fabricated thickness-modulated dual-periodic multilayer films on silica glass substrates by helicon plasma sputtering technique. Transmission spectra for normal incidence of light were measured at room temperature showing an excellent agreement with the theoretical one. It is possible to control the peak wavelength and band width of a transmitted light by designing the thickness and/or refractive index based on the dual-periodicity concept without adding any particular defect layers.

View full abstract

Au/SiO₂ nano-composite multilayers were prepared by helicon plasma sputtering. The Au particles dispersed in the SiO₂ matrix grew with increasing deposition time in an initial time less than 10 s, then changed from a network-like to film-like microstructure with increasing deposition time. The optimum deposition time for preparing the Au particles was 8 s, and the size of Au particles was 6 to 8 nm. The absorption peak due to the surface plasmon resonance of Au particles was observed at a wavelength of 560 nm for as-deposited Au/SiO₂ thin films containing 3.4 to 10.3 vol% Au. The intensity of the absorption peak increased with increasing Au content, and the optimum Au content was about 10.3 vol%.

View full abstract

50ZnO·50Fe₂O₃ crystallized thin film, which was prepared by sputtering method showed cluster-glass-like magnetic properties. At room temperature this film is ferromagnetic, whose origin is presumed to be cation site-exchange between Fe and Zn. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of magnetization showed an interesting behavior, divergence in two cooling process, FC and ZFC at 275K. This illustrates that the system contains some meta-stable spin states which is frozen below the temperature (so it is named spin-freezing temperature T_f). T_f also showed its dependence of AC-magnetic field frequency. Amorphous film containing Bi₂O₃ showed similar properties.

View full abstract

Porous zirconia/nickel composite was prepared for the anode of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Metalnickel and TZP were confirmed after sintering and deoxization for the mixture of fine nickel oxide, TZP and PMMA particles. Three types of pore size were observed, than were approximetely 5-10 μm pores formed by the vaporization of organic PMMA particles, submicron pores formed by the deoxidization of nickel oxide and 2 nm pores on the interface of particles. Porous TZP/Ni composites was fabricated into a cylindrical shape by centrifugal molding or a plate shape by CIP. Desirable air permeability was obtained by the addition of PMMA particles up to 30 vol%.

View full abstract

Zirconia single crystals oriented for single slip were compressed at 1300°C in order to investigate change in their ionic conductivity by dislocations. The conductivity of deformed crystals was measured at 250 to 700°C using the complex impedance measurement by A.C. source with 0.1 to 32 MHz. As a result, in case that applied voltage direction was parallel to edge dislocation lines introduced by primary slip system, ionic conductivity improved with increasing plastic strain. It was found that introduction of dislocations enhanced ionic conductivity of zirconia single crystals.

View full abstract

We calculated the change in a chemical bonding state of rare earth-doped c-ZrO₂ during a diffusion process of oxygen ion using a first principle molecular orbital calculation. Bond overlap population (BOP), which corresponds to covalency, of Zr-O bond around moving oxygen ion is decreasing with a migration and have a minimum value at a saddle point. The migration enthalpy of oxygen ion in c-ZrO₂ is possibly related to the change in bonding state between a ground state and a transition state.

View full abstract

It has been reported that Sc -doped ZrO₂ exhibits the highest ionic conductivity among ZrO₂ ceramics. Sc₂O₃ -added 3YSZ powder was prepared by homogeneous precipitation using urea. The powder was sintered at 1500°C in air. Ionic conductivity was evaluated by DC four terminal method, and fracture toughness by IF method. Mixture of cubic and tetragonal phases was observed in all samples by XRD, and content of cubic phase increased with increasing Sc₂O₃. Sc₂O₃ -added 3YSZ indicated high ionic conductivity and fracture toughness compare to 8YSZ.

View full abstract

By the presence of 1 mol% Bi₂O₃, sintering temperature of 10 mol% Sc₂O₃-doped zirconia was lowered above 300°C and dense sintered bodies without a trace of rhombohedral phase were fabricated via low-temperature sintering at 1000- 1100°C. Sufficient conductvity of 0.33 S/ cm at 1000°C for an electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was attained for 1 mol% Bi₂O₃- 10mol% Sc₂O₃-doped cubic zirconia (1Bi10ScSZ) sintered at 1200°C. A maximum power density of 1.61 W/ cm² was obtained at 1000°C in a cell test using 1Bi10ScSZ as SOFC electrolyte.

View full abstract

Iridium oxide-YSZ(yttrium stabilized zirconia) nano-composite films were prepared on YSZ substrates by MOCVD. IrO₂-YSZ films consisted of spherical particles several nm in diameter. The electrical conductivity of nano-composite associated with the YSZ/electrode interface film was much higher than that of Pt film. The interface conductivity of the composite film with 18 mol% IrO₂, was almost the same as that of IrO₂ film being more than 100 times grater than that of conventional Pt paste electrode.

View full abstract

Single crystals in Sr and Ba β-alumina solid solution were prepared in the (SrO, BaO)-MgO-Al₂O₃ system by a floating zone method. The electrical conductivities were measured by a.c. impedance spectrometry at 973 K to 1573 K, 0.01 Hz to 10 MHz in air for all specimens and in CO-CO₂ mixed gas for three specimens. All the electrical conductivities for parallel (σ_//) to the cleavage plane are independent of oxygen partial pressure (Po₂), while those for perpendicular to (σ_⊥) the cleavage plane showed a more or less dependence in the low Po₂ range (Po₂ = 10^-4 ∼ 10^-13 Pa).

View full abstract

The preparation, electrical conductivity and oxygen permeability of TM-doped (Ba_0.3Sr_0.2La_0.5)₂(In_1-xTM_x)₂O_5+δ(TM=Fe, Co, Mn, Sn), which based on a brownmillerite-type structure, have been investigated. The XRD analysis of all the samples showed cubic perovskite-type structure due to La³⁺ doping on A-site. Oxygen flux density increased with increasing amount of doped Fe and it attained a maximum at 0.4. The maximum value of 0.5μmol·s^-1middot;cm^-2 was obtained under He gas flow at 950°C. For Fe-doped specimens, the data for x≥0.2 was dominated by p-type conduction at high P(O₂).

View full abstract

PrAlO₃-based perovskite-type oxide doped with Ca, Fe, Co, Mg were prepared by citrate-route method. Oxygen permeation flux was investigated at the temperature range 750°C≤T≤1000°C. In addition, the total electrical conductivity was investigated as a function of oxygen partial pressure range 10^-12≤pO₂≤0.21 atm by means of the four-probe technique.

View full abstract

The thermal expansion mechanisms of doped LaMO₃ perovskites (M=Cr, Mn, Ga) in air and in the H₂ atmosphere have been investigated. The dominant factors for thermal expansion behaviors of these perovskites should be the ionic bond strength between the A-site ion and oxygen ion, the change of average ionic radius of the B-site ions and the formation of vacancies in the perovskites during the thermal expansion measurement. The ionic bond strength increases by substituting a lower-valence ion at the A-site. The average ionic radius of the B-site and the formation of oxygen vacancies increase by the change of spin condition, the disproportional reaction and the reduction for the B-site ions. These increases give larger thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskites.

View full abstract

Cerium oxide doped with Y, Gd, and Nd was prepared by coprecipitation method and was studied by x-ray diffraction. They formed solid solutions in wide range of concentration. Crystal structure of the solid solution was fluorite at low concentrations of additives and then changed to rare earth C-type structure at higher concentrations. The lattice parameter of CeO₂-NdO_1.5 increased as the concentration of Nd increased. However, the lattice parameters of other systems behaved differently.

View full abstract