季刊経済理論
Online ISSN : 2189-7719
Print ISSN : 1882-5184
ISSN-L : 1882-5184
48 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の17件中1~17を表示しています
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. Cover1-
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 新田 滋
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 3-5
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 石塚 良次
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 6-16
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    1) Theory of alienation and concept of subject The purpose of this paper is to discuss on how Wataru Hiromatsu's theory of reification contributes development of economics. He conceptualized transition from the early to the late Marx as 'from the theory of alienation to the theory of reification'. This transition isn't just in wording but the change in paradigm. The alienation theory presupposes the subject-object schema, because alienation originally meant the process in which human essence spilled out into object (objectification), and the object turning against the subject as a hostile and alien force (alienation). The whole alienation theory had to be abandoned once the subject-object schema was abandoned, and got relationalist worldview in which the relation is given ontological priority. According to Hiromatsu, Marx's Labor Theory of Value does not presuppose subject/object schema, but reification theory. Traditional Marxian economists insist that each commodity have inherent value because worker (subject) embodied or materialized his abstract labor, substance of value, to commodity (object). But substance of value is not prior to exchange relations, but reification of relationship between persons and things. Value is not just relations (or idea) but reificated relations. Commodity producers treat as if value is something substantial inherent to individual commodity. It is not just illusion, but social fact (Emile Durkheim) with sozialen Macht (Marx). We need to sublate (aufheben) both the 'society substantialism'-'individual substantialism'. 2) The game theoretic approach to Marxian theory of alienation Tadasu Matsuo attempts to reconstruct Marx's theoretical system as the alienation theory, which, in turn, interpreted in terms of game theory, neoclassical framework. Game theory provides a model for social institutions and cooperation between individuals. It assumes that people are rational actors. But we don't think this theoretical framework does explain social norm as it really is. Social norm is not something rationally selected. Rational actors are not real agent but theoretical fictions. Matsuo stand on the side of 'individual substantialism', we mentioned above. 3) Criminal liability and rational agent Criminal law refers a theoretical person in the society who shows average judgment, because only rational person can be liable. If he or she does not intend to do it, he or she is not guilty. Crime is not just a bodily movement but must be voluntary act droved by inherent motivation, criminal intent. But this kind of view is very modern, not historically universal. The reason why criminal law require fictional agent is very similar to economics. One of the basic facts of modern psychology is that ultimate driving force behind human behavior is not free will but involuntary unconsciousness. 4) Economics and evaluational agent Assumption of homoeconomicus received a lot of criticism, because of its unreality. Actually, it is not empirical notion but axiom of neoclassical microeconomics. Economics is not only empirical science but also normative science, making economic policy. So you need theoretical benchmark to judge its adequacy. Subject in the theory of alienation is equivalent of homoeconomics in neoclassical microeconomics. Both theory adopt methodological individualism, so benchmark must be individual, rational agent. 5) Unalienated society? Matsuo considers unalienated society, depending each other with mutual consent, is desirable. But it is not feasible and desirable. We should rather accept minimum level reification.
  • 吉田 憲夫
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 17-27
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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    In this paper, I criticize Kimitoshi Mukai's Monetary value theory from the viewpoint of Wataru Hiromatsu s Reification theory. The fundamental difference between Mukai and me results from the difference in the ontological understanding of value, more specifically, that of commodity and from the difference of the ontological understanding of Marx s dialectic which originates from it. I think that though Marx s dialectic clearly differs from deduction, Mukai s logic is still deduction. Simply speaking, the difference between Mukai and me results from the ontological understanding of the fetish character of commodity. From the viewpoint of Hiromatsu s Reification theory, Mukai s Monetary theory is a product of fetishism on money. For example, the direct exchangeability which Mukai advocates is a reflective regulation on the situation in which the goods which everyone needs really exist in a certain trade area. It is not that the natural property of direct exchangeability independently exist.
  • 大黒 弘慈
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 28-39
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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    The interpretation of the Marx's axiology by Wataru Hiromatsu has been generally understood that it rejected the value concept of substance, and it reconstructed the value concept of relations. Undoubtedly, Hiromatsu emphasized that the substance concept of Marx is nothing but the knot of relations and a result of equivalence in exchange. However, like Rubin, Hiromatsu did not discuss Social Relations Theory of Value thoroughly, either. When Hiromatsu emphasized "the priority of relations", he did not devalue substantiality as semblance. In his view, in each dimension, substantial bases are always together with relations. The core of the method of Hiromatsu's Theory of Reification can be found in the methodological circumspection reducing the substantial base over again to its elements for relations while clarifying the substantial base of relations. However, we can say that a dark corner formed inherently and simultaneously just in the process that he developed his own methodology. Hiromatsu captured the substance comprehensively in the mesh of higher-dimensional relations. However, by making the substantial base clear, these relations were collected later in a kind of logical certainty. Hence, there was no contingency in which these relations could be others, and the aspect of the substance in creating and changing relations, not the substance collected in relations, was neglected. In other words, the value concept, introduced as "the expanse of the space" "the deep structure" which differed from money, was discovered by Hiromatsu transcendentally as the condition for exchange. However, he did not investigate it further while suggesting the historic condition for it. In addition, the fetish before relations that provokes the formation of relations was not taken into consideration in Hiromatsu's Theory of Reification. Speaking straightforwardly, the moments of the "perpendicularity" (the upside) and "heteronomy" (the outside) are weak in Hiromatsu's Theory of Reification. This weakness corresponds to the lack of "asymmetry" in his interpretation of the value form. In this article, in Chapter 1, I confirm the methodological significance of Hiromatsu's "The Philosophy of The Capital" by following his argument. Speaking specifically, at first, Hiromatsu raised the problem of the value form in positing (setzen) the condition for exchange rather than in money generation theory. Secondly he clarified the special character of value, overcoming the opposition between realism and nominalism. Thirdly he relativized historically the value concept which is treated as condition. In Chapter 2, basing on the reconstruction of the commodity theory conducted by Hiromatsu, I describe the true character of the value concept, the value form, and the exchange process. Last, in Chapter 3, I elucidate "perpendicularity" and "heteronomy" concretely which are lacking in Hiromatsu's Theory of Reification, by interpreting value space historically as power space or in other words space between nations.
  • 田上 孝一
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 40-49
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The aim of this paper is to compare Wataru Hiromatsu's theory of reification with Karl Marx's theory of reification. Hiromatsu insists that his theory is the genuine interpretation of Marx. So I examine Hiromatsu's remark. In this paper, I mainly concern the rightness of Hiromatsu's interpretation of Marx. I do not concern the validity of Hiromatsu's theory on the contemporary society. In section one, I doubt the Japanese translation of reification. In original German word, reification is Versachlichung. In ordinary Japanese translation, Versachlichung is "Butsushoka". Butsusho means phenomenal thing. Ka means transformation. So Butsushoka means something is transformed to phenomenal thing. But this meaning cannot tell the conceptual content of Versachlichung. The stem of Versachlichung is Sache. Sache is the counter word of Person. So Versachlicung means that Person is transformed to Sache, in English, personality is transformed to thing. It means not epistemological aspect but ontological situation. So Butsushoka is not correct. "Butsukenka" is correct. Because "butsuken" correctly means Sache. That is why I insist that Versachlichung should be translated into not Butsushoka but Butsukenka. In section two, I explain the core concept of Marx's theory of reification. The basic usage of reification by Marx is "reification of personality and personalization of thing". The conceptual dimension of reification in Marx's case is not epistemological but ontological. By the theory of reification Marx tries to clarify the real upside-down structure of capitalism. For Marx capitalism is the society in which labor's personality becomes a thing like goods. Capitalism is not slavery. But in fact, it is the wage-slave society. Marx charges this fact by the theory of reification. In short, for Marx reification is the essence of capitalism. Marx also charges the fetishism in capitalism. The concept of fetishism in Marx's case is expression of reification. It is also phenomenon of reification. The relationships of reification and fetishism are "cause and effect" and "essence and phenomenon". And reification is also alienation. It is one dimension of alienation. Marx insists that capitalist is arisen by alienated labor. The alienation of labor of workers from his/her own labor process is cause of capitalism. So alienation is cause of reification. That is why alienation and reification and fetishism are mutual "cause and effect" and "essence and phenomenon" relationships. In section three, I examine Hiromatsu's theory of reification. Hiromatsu tells about reification but he does not analyze Versachlichung. Only he analyses is not Versachlichung but Fetischismus. But fetishism is only a expression of reification. Owing to analyze fetishism we cannot clarify reification. Why has he this illusion? Because he thinks reification and fetishism as being the same. Through this reason he one-sidedly looks reification as epistemological concept. For Hiromatsu, reification as the real upside-down structure is "the vulgar reification". But Marx himself has this vulgar idea. Hiromatsu's reification is a very odd theory. Conclusion: Hiromatsu's theory of reification is a distortion of Marx's theory of reification. Hiromatsu himself thinks that his theory is the genuine interpretation of Marx. But in fact, Hiromatsu's theory has nothing to do with Marx. So Hiromatsu's theory of reification is not Marxist one but his own philosophical fantasy.
  • 安田 均
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 50-60
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper reexamines the concept of productive labour in the principles of political economy in the light of the diversified labour of the present day. Productive labour has so far been implicitly identified with value formation labour in the controversies on productive labour. This conventional view is equally adopted by the two leading scholars UNO Kozo and SUGAWARA Youshin. The former assumes productive labour in the complex of production process by situating the substance of value in the theory of production process. The latter points out that social alliances in production process inevitably require the labour of transportation and storage and the regulatory labour among various production processes, both of which are not directly involved in the formation of use-value. On the other hand, YAMAGUCHI Shigekatsu succeeds in the division of productive labour and value formation labour by distinguishing between the linkage "standard organization" and the technologically-determined labour linkage which regulates the gravity center in price fluctuation. His discussion reveals that, among the types of "incorporeal Km (life material)" productive labour, the one combined with consumption can be regarded as labour without quantitative stability. Consequently, it becomes possible to theoretically integrate into the principles of economics the meritocracy labour with continuous service raise based on assessment and the domestic labour as well as the unskilled labour that leads to the current non-regular employment.
  • 田添 篤史
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 61-68
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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    The Okishio theorem is well known theory, and there is much controversy about the correctness of the theory. Recently temporal single system approach tries to refute the theorem. In order to do that, they define two concepts of rate of profit, material rate of profit and value rate of profit. With these, they build the model in which material rate of profit rise, but value rate of profit fall. It seems that this is improper way of refuting Okishio (1961). Okishio didn't say anything about value rate of profit. Whether this rise or fall, it doesn't have any relationship with the Okishio theorem. With this in mind, we can't understand their insisting that have refuted the Okishio theorem. For solving this seemingly inconsistency, it is important to aware that what they calling the Okishio theorem is not the mathematical theory presented in Okishio (1961) itself. As a matter of the fact, their argument is not directly aimed to this original paper. What they actually doing is trying to refute some kind of economic ideology. And they call this ideology 'the Okishio theorem'. For this reason, they insist they have refuted the Okishio theorem'. Laibman (2001) criticizes their argument, and he tries to show that if basing on framework of TSS approach, once assuming scrapping old capital, not only material rate of profit but also value rate of profit are no longer fall. For this task, he uses simulation method as a tool in that paper. I think this is a drawback of that paper. Inherently, simulation method can't prove generality of the result. Generality of the result is very important to vindicate the Okishio theorem. It is what the assertion of the theorem that rate of profit generally rise as long as the condition of the theorem met. Giving analytical expression of the model is essential to prove generality of the result. For this reason in this article we modify Laibman's model, and express it analytically. Basing on this analytical expression, we get the following general conclusion. If we base on the model of TSS approach, once integrating the mechanism of scrapping old capital in the model, value late of profit must rise as long as the condition of the Okishio theorem met. Scrapping old capital is natural assumption for economics. It shows that TSS approach depend on unsound assumption to refute the Okishio theorem.
  • 村上 研一
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 69-80
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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    This paper aims at the analysis of reproduction structure in Japan by reorganizing Input-Output tables, based on the theory of the reproduction scheme. The survey of reproduction structure of post-war Japan shows that Japanese economy had become more deeply dependent on foreign demands from the second half of the 1970's to the first half of the 1980's and from the last of the 1990's to the first half of the 2000's. In the 1970's, after the high growth of Japanese economy, the international competitiveness of Japanese companies, in particular those of companies related to the machine industries, such as the automotive and electric industries, had been strengthened due to "slim management" and the introduction of micro-electronics technologies. "Slim management" reduced employment and capital investment, utilized flexibility in relation to the operating rate of the facility and increased the intensity and efficiency of labor in order to build up capital effectively. From the point of view of the reproduction structure of the nation, "slim management" not only realized a sharp increase in production and strengthened international competitiveness but it also brought about a contraction of the domestic demand for both investment and consumption. As a result, domestic production expanded far greater than domestic demand. However domestic demand had grown greater than export from the second half of the 1980's to the first half of the 1990's, Japanese economy have become more deeply dependent on foreign demands again since the last of the 1990's. In the 2000's, while the international competitiveness of Japanese companies related to the electrical equipment has been weakened, the domestic outputs of the automotive, the industrial machinery, the metal products and the chemical products have increased, especially depended on exports. On the other hand, domestic demand had less expanded than domestic outputs during this prosperous period in the same way as in the second half of the 1970's. Because Japanese companies of their prosperous industries had employed more non-regular workers, such as dispatched workers, contract workers, part-time workers and others, than regular employees to maintain and strengthen their competitiveness, low-wage labors had increased in Japan. Therefore, Japanese economy, in which domestic expansion between production and consumption has become inevitable, has very deeply stagnated, confronting the today worldwide depression.
  • 二宮 健史郎, 得田 雅章
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 81-95
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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    The subprime loan crisis of 2007 in the USA, which took lead in the market-oriented economic reform, marked the beginning of an international monetary crisis. Several nations, such as Iceland, have suffered from this crisis. Some economists on Wall Street are of the opinion that the financial instability hypothesis proposed by Hyman, P. Minsky deserves consideration (Lahart (2007)). Taylor and O'Connell (1985) presented a simple macroeconomic model on financial instability and proved that an economy would fall into a financial crisis if a decline in the expected profit rates aggravated the financial condition of firms and increased the household preference for liquidity. Semmler (1987) interpreted their idea as a nonlinear "S-shaped" saving function and presented a financial cycle by applying the Hopf-bifurcation theorem. The S-shaped saving function refers to the saving that is assumed to depend on the difference between the level of current income and that of its normal income. For example, bank loans increase in an expanding economy because lender risks decline. This study introduces the concept of "instability of confidence" and incorporates the factor of lender risks into a macrodynamic model on financial instability to illustrate the financial cycle and instability. It demonstrates that an increase in the instability of confidence makes the economy unstable when the economy's financial structure is fragile. The business cycle in this study occurs despite the marginal propensity to invest being relatively lesser than that to save. It is different from the Kaldorian business cycle models. Furthermore, this study examines changes in the financial structure using data from the Japanese economy. One characteristic of this analysis is that it is a subsample comparative analysis which focuses on the creation of proxy variable that show the instability of confidence and on the VAR model which introduces the proxy variables. This study reveals that the instability of confidence increased in the mid-1990s.
  • 吉田 文和
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 96-98
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 重田 澄男
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 99-101
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 鈴木 和雄
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 102-104
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 芳賀 健一
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 105-107
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 森田 成也
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 108-110
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 和田 幸子
    原稿種別: 本文
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 111-113
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    2011 年 48 巻 2 号 p. 114-
    発行日: 2011/07/20
    公開日: 2017/04/25
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