21st Century COE Program of “Research and Education of Integrated Water Resources Management for the Asian Monsoon Region” is ongoing in University of Yamanashi for the purpose of establishment of “Asian Community of Engineers and Scientists for Water Problem Solving” to decrease water-related grief through attractive researches, education of core persons and international exchange. This paper shows the outline and activities of this COE program.

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Simulated daily discharge data derived from a relatively high-resolution (T106) coupled general circulation mode (GCM) were used to investigate changes in the risks of global discharge extremes associated with changes in atmospheric composition caused by anthropogenic factors. The present-day GCM simulation reproduced the magnitude of discharge in 100-year return periods and the global distribution of the flood parameter, even though the absolute value of that parameter was underestimated. The simulated increase in floods and droughts between 2071 and 2100 significantly exceeds the natural change between 1941-2000 and 1971-2000. The frequency of very large floods was projected to increase over many regions, except for continental North America and middle to western Eurasia. Globally, the drought frequency was shown to increase in most regions except over the northern high latitudes, eastern Australia, and eastern Eurasia. Changes in flood and drought are not simply explained by changes in annual precipitation, heavy annual precipitation, annual evapotranspiration, or differences between annual precipitation and annual evapotranspiration. Several regions were projected to have increase in both flood frequency and drought frequency in the future. Such regions include basins in the northern high latitudes, where the timing of snowmelt would be earlier in warmer climates, and basins where precipitation patterns may change so as to decrease precipitation days but increase days with heavy rain. Because the predicted future changes in floods and droughts varied among rivers and sub-basins, projections of disastrous extremes in discharge using high-resolution GCMs will become important for local risk assessment.

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Feasibility of global monitoring of water storage in large lakes and reservoirs by satellite monitoring method combined satellite images and altimeter data is analyzed. In this study, variation of water storage in 34 large lakes and reservoirs are monitored globally by using satellite images obtained from TERRA/MODIS and satellite altimetry data obtained from TOPEX/POSEIDON MGDR-B. The results show that the satellite-based monitoring method can provide information on seasonal to inter-annual variability of water storage in large lakes and reservoirs. The method used in this study utilizes only satellite data to estimate reservoir storage. This approach is capable of contributing greatly to integrated water resources management and water use quantification in large-scale regions-especially areas that have inadequate ground observations, making it very useful for determining the impact of reservoirs in the water cycle of large scale regions.

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Storage loss is one of many types of sedimentation problems that can affect reservoirs. As reservoirs age and sediment continue to accumulate, sediment-related problems will increase in severity. At any dam or reservoir where sustainable long-term use is to be achieved, it will be necessary to manage sediments as well as water such as erosion control and management strategies. However, such strategies are hampered by lack of understanding of the linkages between sources erosion and downstream deposited sediment. Therefore, an integrated assessment is important for targeting the available resources.
In this study, the proposed integrated methods to asses the reservoir sediment was done. First, the quantitative quantity analysis will give sediment yield and estimate the susceptible area to erosion. Then, it followed by the qualitative analysis of xray powder diffraction on sediment samples in order to get mineral compositions. Using the hierarchical cluster analysis, the binary matrix of mineral composition was analyzed to get sediment fingerprinting. Results of Upper Brantas basin show good relationship with field observation data and remote sensing data.

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Simple export coefficient modeling approach was used to estimate loadings of organic matters and nutrients from both point and non point sources into Fuji River, Japan. First, we estimated the land use export coefficients of organic matters (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand), and nutrients (nitrate nitrogen and inorganic dissolved phosphorus) specific to Fuji River basin. Semi-monthly water quality monitoring data of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) and inorganic dissolved phosphorus (PO₄-P) from 8 stations, 6 years (1995-2000) stream discharge from 3 stations and land use information were used to estimate land use export coefficients using available hydrological, statistical and spatial tools. A distributed hydrological model, Blockwise use of TOPMODEL with Muskingum-Cunge routing (BTOPMC), was used to estimate discharge for those stations where continuous discharge data was not available. A seven parameter log linear model was used to estimate loadings using historical water quality concentration along with observed and estimated discharge for each sub basins. The annual, seasonal, wet/dry season, high/low flow season and monthly yield as dependent variable and land use proportion in each sub basins as independent variables were used to derive the land use export coefficients through multiple regression technique. These land use export coefficients were used to estimate the total loadings and relative contribution of point and non point source loadings of organic matters and nutrients within the basin by developing empirical source-contribution model. It was observed that forest is the dominant source of organic matters and inorganic dissolved phosphorus loadings and agriculture as the dominant source of nitrate nitrogen loadings within the basin. Whereas point source organic matters and nutrients loadings represent a much smaller portion of the overall loadings as compared to non point source loadings. Therefore this study shows that proper management practices has to bedeveloped to reduce organic matters and inorganic dissolved phosphorus loadings from forest and nitrate nitrogen loadings from agriculture to reduce current and future water quality problems in the basin.

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Recently rapid increase of the world population and food demands become the global environmental problems. In our country, the population is now declining for the first time in 2005, but the self-support rate of food is in 20-30% and the extremely low situation. Therefore quantitative recognition for the population and distribution of them are very important for us. In this paper, Watershed Environmental Capacity (WEC) of Space based on watershed as an ecosystem was calculated on the Three Metropolitan Areas in Japan by using GIS. WEC of Space set it as quantitative relations between the present population and the self-sufficient population.

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The great portion of food consumed in our country depends from overseas on import, and the dependence to our country agricultural production is falling relatively. In major industrialized countries, it is the minimum level. The food self-sufficiency rate in every country in the world, and the self-sufficiency rate of our country were examined using the index of Virtual water. In order to preserve the environmental function which a paddy field has, agricultural management needs to improve health. On the other hand, the measurement to an agricultural worker's labor shortage and aging are required. 6, 040, 000 people are employed to the construction industry of our country now, and 9.6% of all workers are formed. However, 520, 000 people cannot but move to other industries with reduction in public investment. The possibility to the welfare field, environment and the recycling field, and the agricultural field was examined from the system side and the employment side as an object of diversification of the construction industry which is holding many population which cannot but move to other industries.

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The coexistence of development and the environment is achieved by technical and economic approaches. The technical approach takes into account such factors as air pollution measures, conserving energy, and recycling resources, while the economic approach is the costs of environmental disruption and providing safeguards such as wildlife conservation and management plans. The economic development of Japan in the 1950s required substantial electric power. As a result, environmental and industrial pollution increased. The economy of Japan reached a new high in the 1960s, and the generation of electric power was overtaken by thermal power; which in turn was superseded by natural gas and atomic power following the energy crisis of the 1970s. The Japanese economy was depressed during the 1990s, but has recently showed signs of a gradual recovery. Accordingly, the demand for electric power has increased over recent years. The energy sources that will replace oil in the future are atomic power, natural gas, and wind power. Hydropower stations discharge only minor carbon dioxide, and are therefore better for the environment than atomic and natural gas power stations. The environmental cost of the development of hydropower stations is discussed in this paper.

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In this study, the estimate for the energy consumption and the emissions of CO₂ in the construction of infrastructures, was calculated by studying the construction of Prestresed-concrete (PC), Steel bridges, Tanks, Freeways, Waterworks and Sewerage. After comparing the results, it was found that PC structures are better than Steel ones, and also the selection of materials used is important, for environmental impact in the construction of infrastructures.

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Numerical investigation of NO_x removal by activated carbon fiber (ACF) set within porous fences was performed in a realistic 3D situation. The fence units were placed along road with a fixed interval so that they cover the road side by about 50%; that is one possible way to reduce use of now expensive ACF. Then, how much the ACF fences can decrease ambient NO_x concentrations was evaluated. Obtained results showed:(1) NO_x concentration, for example, at 10m downstream from the road can be reduced as much as 20% even by the ACF fences which cover the road partially.(2) this removal efficiency without excess energy consumption should be very promising as a tool for sustainable preservation of urban environment.

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To evaluate relative contribution of both anthropogenic and natural emission sources on aerosol concentration, AGCTM (Aerosol Global scale Chemical Transport Model) has been developed. The model can trace source-receptor relations on various chemical species forming aerosol particles. Numerical simulations of transport/chemistry/deposition of aerosols and other chemical species were performed during 20 February to 31 March in 2001. Performance of the AGCTM has been evaluated by comparing the calculation results mainly with TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) concentration at various observation sites in China and Tokyo and Osaka in Japan. Effect of sea salt particles is also evaluated.

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It is inevitable for cloud droplets to suffer from inherent contamination. This comes from the mechanism of cloud droplet formation. Almost all cloud droplets are formed by heterogeneous nucleation, i. e., by condensation of the atmospheric water vapour onto hygroscopic aerosol particles as (NH₄)₂SO₄ called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Homogeneous nucleation (without CCN) requires water vapour supersaturation as unreally high as several hundred percent. During cloud droplet formation, (NH₄)₂SO₄ dissolves to break up into ions in condensed water. These ions are impurities in pure condensed water and they bring about inherent contamination in the cloud droplets. Therefore, cloud droplets are congenitally never pure, even if they do not suffer from any acquired contamination by scavenging of the atmospheric pollutants. In order to estimate the inherent pollution of new-born cloud droplets onto (NH₄)₂SO₄, the most abundant CCN, a mathematical model of inherent contamination has been constructed, based on both the chemical equilibrium in cloud droplet and the competitive growth of multiple cloud droplets. Calculations show that the higher the CCN number density, the more the cloud droplets are contaminated and that inherent contamination acidifies cloud droplets more than atmospheric CO₂, does.

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Atmospheric aerosols affect global warming by scattering and absorption of solar radiation. In this research, the variation of atmospheric turbidity coefficient, which is in proportion to aerosol amount, was investigated at 5 areas in Japan (Sapporo, Nemuro, Shionomisaki, Tosashimizu, Ishigakijima) from 1996 to 2004. Atmospheric turbidity coefficient increased in spring and early summer, while decreased generally in autumn and winter. Further, long-term variation of atmospheric turbidity coefficient was investigated from 1950s. Atmospheric turbidity coefficient increased when the air pollution deteriorated all over the country in 1960s, and two volcanic eruptions, Mt. El Chichon in 1982 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. Recently atmospheric turbidity coefficient has been decreased to the level before the eruptions.

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This study analyzes the institutional problems and issues concerning energy saving CDM projects. It also focuses on the approval condition of methodologies by the CDM Executive Board and the applicability of the methodologies to the real projects. 90% of the expected amount of CER during the first commitment period will be obtained from non-CO₂ related projects including HFC23, N₂O and CH₄. For the energy saving CDM projects, both of the number of projects and the amount of CER are very limited, in spite of a certain number of approved methodologies. A possibility is suggested that the emphasis on the additionality invites the high approvability to non-CO₂ projects, which are easier to indicate their additionality compared to the energy efficiency projects. Energy saving CDM projects have many kinds of incentives except for the CER including energy cost reduction and air pollution control. The incentive to get CER itself from emission reduction of CO₂ is lower compared to other GHGs with higher global warming potentials. It is importanto overcome obstacles and promote the realization of energy efficiency CDM projects.

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The study has been undertaken with a view to formulate appropriate policies for targeted CO₂ reduction from transport sector. For this a two step approach is adopted. As a first step, a model for forecasting CO₂ emissions from passenger cars by municipalities is developed. This model takes into account the car ownership and trip length model. The application of the proposed model to the municipalities of Japan show that CO₂ emissions will continue to increase at the national level and the increase of these emissions is remarkable in local municipalities. As a second step the targeted total CO₂ emissions of Japan are allocated to different municipalities under different sets of policy scenarios. The examination of the five type of ESTI policy scenarios show that the target CO₂ emissions cannot be achieved in most municipalities except metropolis. Eight types of EST2 policy scenarios, considering the local characteristics are therefore examined. The examination of the proposed EST2 policy scenarios and their mixed scenarios shows that more extensive policies are required since the targeted CO₂ emissions cannot be achieved only by EST2 policies.

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To meet Kyoto Protocol, it is necessary for Japan to use Kyoto mechanism such as emission trading, CDM, and JI into domestic implementation. CO₂ emissions from the industrial production process are estimated based on the environmental reports. The market of the emission trading of greenhouse gases among manufacturing plants in industrial city is simulated by the cap and trade method. In addition, to analyze the factor of the CO₂ emission change, the production efficiency and CO₂ emission factor of each type of business are investigated.

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To address the problem of the global warming, using a lot of wood and making a forest active are one of the problems to be solved. Utilization of wood has a long history and wood piles had been used as a foundation of structure until around 1950 in Japan. After the 1950's, the amount of cement and steel production dramatically increased instead of wood. Reconsideration of how the wood can be used for construction would therefore be one of the countermeasures of global warming for the future. However, since one of the reasons for not using the wood as a foundation of structure these days is decay, investigation for the decay of wood as a foundation of structure should be carried out. For this reason, an investigation of a dug up wood pile which was used as a fence for 26 years in Iwamizawa city in Hokkaido is carried out.

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Environment education in schools has been widely recognized as an important basic measure to solve environmental problems. The Eco-school project has been suggested as a subject of environmental education to realize the sustainable development. The project was started in Europe in the middle of the 90's and has been rapidly expanded to many regions and countries by the year of 2000. It mainly comprises the environment-based management of the school and the participation and practice of environmental activities of all members with the aim of decreasing the environmental load and encouraging the all members, especially the child students to participate in the environmental protection.
The goal of the study is to clarify the characteristics and issues of the project through the investigations into the Green School Project in china and Eco-school project in Japan, including reviewing related literatures and the interview on the spot.

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In this study an integrated model to estimate total sediment discharge from the river basin to the coastal environment is developed. Simulated and measured sediments discharge at the river mouth is compared and there is a good agreement. Also the effect of land use and climate change to the sediment yield is analyzed. The land use data derived from remotely sensed images of 1976 and 1997 is used as the basis for comparison to see the effect of land use change. It was observed that using the land use data for the year 1997, total sediment discharge to the coastal environment increased as compared to the year 1976; this is mainly due to the increased agricultural areas and residential areas and also decreases in forest area. For analyzing the effect of climate change, HadCM2 model is used to generate mean daily precipitation for the month for the period 2040-2050 and then daily rainfall amount is generated from this data using exponential distribution. The results of the sediments discharge to the coastal environment using this generated data show a decrease in the average annual sediment discharge.

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Nowadays, soil erosion occurs all over the world, and the damage is serious. Soil erosion was calculated by applying RUSLE model and influences on erosion coused by climate change and economical development was discussed. The prediction was performed in Mekong river basin and the basin has various characteristics about climate and topography. Conditions of topography and landuse are important factors to decide amount of soil erosion. Changing of landuse gives bigger influence than climate change. A possible method for reducing soil erosion to stable soil is proposed.

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Pollutant discharges per capita were investigated with three statistical methods, 1) three-order regression analysis with Purchase Power Parity based Gross National Income, PPP-GNI, 2) relationship with water, sanitation and economic index (WSEI), a compound index which was introduced by the author, and 3) principle component analysis with first, second and third order of PPP-GNI, rates of access to sanitary facilities and safe drinking water in urban areas and whole countries or areas, and water usage amounts per capita in households. Correlations of BOD discharges per capita with PPP-GNI, and those with WSEI were not clearly observed, which showed the necessity of further considerations of water environmental data and analysis methods, however, it was suggested that the values of BOD discharges per capita could be categorized by regions. Based on the results of the principle component analysis, it was suggested that wastewater facilities deployment in urban areas affected BOD discharge per capita, and increase of the water usage amounts per capita in households should be accompanied with deployment of wastewater treatment facilities.

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This study has focused on investigating environmental problems, attributed from contaminations of natural water and soil in Shiragami mountainous region and Yakushima Island. Since the number of tourists, who enter the mountain, has increased, influences on the natural environments in both areas, resulted from human activities such as utilizations of toilets, lodges and camp sites, has become remarkable. Therefore, it is important to characterize the circumstances of both areas from the chemistry point of view. Concentration of nitrogen contained in nitric acid and ammonia in both soil and natural water has been analyzed. Using the results obtained from the chemical analyses, the environmental problems caused by man activities are discussed in this study.

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We have developed the global basins database (GBDB). GBDB includes the drainage basins map which consists of polygons of catchments which are subdivisions of basins into elementary drainage areas. Each polygon of a basin is identified by a Pfafstetter code and is attributed with geographic, topographic, and social information. The drainage basins map were generated from digital elevation models of which natural depressions are manually identified and which are modified by the methods of “stream burning” and “ridge fencing”. We used the stream data and the basin data modified by collected data, atlases, and basin maps in the procedures of “stream burning” and “ridge fencing”. The results of comparisons with collected basin maps and upstream areas of the river discharge stations reveals that GBDB provides a more accurate and reliable drainage basins map than HYDROlk database.

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Tokyo has experienced rapid urbanization during the high economic growth. The similar situation seems to commonly occur in many cities in Asia. They might have the double needs to simultaneously attain proper management of rapid urbanization and due infrastructure-making under luck of governance and financial resources. In Tokyo, there had been a large difference in the speed between urbanization and infrastructure-making during the economic growth period (1950s-1960s). And there have been the needs for wake of resources-saving in the oil-crisis in 1970s. This paper intends to show the step-by-step process to establish infrastructure-making in Tokyo during last 60 years based on the long-term analysis of amount-of-water-consumption-per-capita-basis to evaluate the effect by the due policy introduced herein.

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The soil erosion at farmland becomes serious impact on the ecosystem in the coral reef in Okinawa district. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to build a support system for the integration of the measures in a river basin. This paper examines the possibility of watershed management for the support system as follows, 1) the possibility of watershed management in Ishigaki Island, 2) the evaluation of elements of the fund system for preservation of coral reef, 3) the approach of proposal and embodiment of the study for watershed management.

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The purpose of the research was to analyze statistically the long-term trend of the precipitations in the Naka river and the Kuji river basin in Ibaraki and Tochigi prefecture, by using the precipitations and the amount of river flow data for the decades. The data were offered by Hitachi river and road office of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The second version of the climate scenario developed by the Japanese Meteorological Agency was also analyzed for the projections the precipitations in 2050 and 2100.
Statistical analyses of the precipitation and the river flow data in the Naka and Kuji river basins revealed the clear increasing trend of the extreme precipitations (the yearly maximum of the daily precipitations) has been observed so far. On the contrary, the river flow data did not show such clear increasing trend as the precipitation. This may suggest the performance of the countermeasures to the river flood.
The same statistical analyses applying to the climate scenario data did not indicate a clear increasing trend of the extreme precipitations in the future for 2050 and 2100.

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In Japan the insecticide DDT had been used since 1946. In 1971, its use for agriculture and household pest control was banned because of the increased health effect and environmental contamination, and was fully banned in 1981 in production, sales and usage for every purpose. The actual use was stopped substantially in early 70's, however DDT and its metabolite DDE have been detected in environmental media, foods and human tissues and organs as well through the environmental monitoring and epidemiological survey. In this study, the Fugacity model is developed to evaluate the dynamic performances of DDT and DDE in both Japanese and Indian environment, where the agricultural use was banned in 1994, and the dietary exposure to DDT is evaluated for the reference Japanese and Indians for the past half century to compare the dynamic characteristics in the environment and dietary exposures.

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The coverage of sewage works is still limited in urban areas of developing counties, although attempts have been made to develop sewage works in those areas. Present household-wastewater treatment (sanitation) facilities such as septic tanks should be utilized until sewage works with adequate wastewater treatment facilities will cover the areas. For the effective use of existing facilities, those should be managed correctly. It has been, however, stated that most of the facilities are not in appropriate conditions. The present household-wastewater management in Hanoi city of Vietnam was investigated by interview with questioners and some keys to utilize present facilities, especially septic tanks, were shown in this study. It was found that 96.5% of flush-toilet holders in Hanoi had septic tanks. Septic tanks are considered to play a major role in household wastewater management in Hanoi city. Although regular removals of septage are one of the fundamental matters to utilize septic tanks, the 95.2% of septic-tank holders had no experience of septage removals. The proper removal of septage is considered to be a crucial issue for utilization of present household-wastewater treatment facilities.

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According to the report of the United Nations (1998), one child has died at a time at 8 seconds owing to water-related illness, 80% of sick cause in a developing country is sewage, and there is no sewer institution in 50% of world population. 2, 500 million people who cannot drink safe sterilized water exist in the world. The way things stand, a situation is getting worse steadily. In this research, experimental examination was performed about the method for manufacturing water simple and cheap, and safe in view of a water shortage in a developmental-stage area, and the point that safe water is not supplied especially. Consequently, the thin laminar flow multi-stage processing process of having used the photocatalyst was developed as the suitable water purification method for a developing country. According to this method, the coliform bacteria count was removed by the conditions of 1cm in thickness of thin laminar flow, and 7cm of distance with a light source 100% in 5 hours after a processing start for holding time 3 hours. In order to evaluate water quality purification performance, the COD reduction which is a water pollution index, and the coliform bacteria count which are the health of water and the index of safety were examined.

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Bangladesh, a small developing country in South Asia, has been in energy crisis for long time that reduces country's economic growth potential. Bangladesh can actively consider a distributed power generation system alongside of its central and conventional supply system of electric power. This paper explores electricity demand and partial fulfillment of that demand through grid-connected PV system. It was found that if Bangladesh was to generate 5% of its total electricity demand by solar energy by 2020, it could be achieved by exploiting only 13% of her total technical potential. Life cycle cost analysis shows the cost of energy from gridconnected PV system is 25.5 US cents/KWh, which is much higher than the cost of electricity generated from combined cycle gas turbine. Considering the externality benefit of solar PV systems, the government should offer 30-40% of total installation cost as subsidy. This subsidy requires the government to allocate 1-1.5% of total government budget from 2010 to 2020.

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We conducted field observation for air quality over Jakarta city using a number of passive samplers for NO₂ and SO₂ in August 2004 in dry season and for NO₂, NO_x, SO₂ and O₃ in March 2006 in rainy season. Observed values show that local field has effected air pollution distribution both horizontal and vertical. The sea breeze circulation that was stronger in August (dry season) caused air pollutant concentration in northern part of Jakarta has become lower than March (rainy season). In August vertical structure has more become complex caused the vertical distribution of concentration more not uniform than March.

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In this study, we simulated the transport and chemical transformation of air pollutants with a focus on sulfur oxides in the three domains of Asia on different scales, by using the nesting technique of the chemical transport model.
The coarsest, middle and finest domains cover the most part of Asia in 80 km grid, the most part of China in 20 km grid, and Beijing and surroundings in 5 km grids, respectively.
The result of calculating pollutant concentration was compared with the observation by EANET and ACE-Asia.
By the method of process analysis which calculates the contribution of transport and transformation processes, it has showed that most of SO₂ is transformed to SO_4^2- throughout the seasons in southwestern area of China (inland), and that little part of SO₂ emitted from this area is transported out. On the other hand, transformation of SO₂ to SO_4^2- is active in the summer period in eastern area of China (coastal), and most of sulfur oxides are deposited in the area in the summer period, while greater part of sulfur oxides is transported out in the form of SO₂ in the winter period.
From the result of finest domain, the background SO₂ mixing ratio in Beijing transported from the outside of the domain is 5ppb in annual average, and reaches about 30ppb as the maximum of daily averages. In the case of the maximum value it is likely that the background concentration makes achievement of the Chinese environmental standard of SO₂ concentration difficult.

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Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to daily wet deposition data from three stations in Japan to find the source profiles from which the precipitation samples are constituted. For most ions more than 90% of the weighted variation was explained with 4 factors. The factors are characterized by the following compounds: strong acids (H²SO₄ and HNO₃), (NH₄)₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaSO₄. The anion-cation balance was fairly good in the factors. Based on the chemical compositions of the factors, a time series of the factor contributions, and the results from trajectory analysis, the factors are considered to represent sea salt, soil, (NH₄) ₂SO₄ and acidity. Although the total nss-SO₄ wet deposition amount decreased in the last 7 years at Wajima station, the contributions of the (NH₄) ₂SO₄ factor to nss-SO₄ wet deposition were fairly constant (ca.50%). The acidity seemed to be controlled by the neutralization by soil particles.

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The pollutants from human activity, especially from the Megacity area, has great influence not only to the health of the resident but also to the change of the chemical composition of troposphere and the global climate. So, it is important to develop the simulation system to estimate the impact of these pollutants to the regional atmosphere. In this research, the comprehensive performance evaluation of simulation system of atmospheric environment for East Asia region was perfomed by using groud-level observation data and aircraft observation data. The simualation system is composed of meso-scale meteorological model (MM5 Version 3.7) and three dimensional chemical transport model (CMAQ version 4.4). Simulation result, especially Ozone, was evalulated with several statistical equations, such as the root mean squared error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), index of agreement (IOA), and so on. As a result, our simulation system have good performance during summer season. However, there was large bias of ozone concentration in winter season.

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A numerical investigation of the temperature variation in urban and suburban areas due to the presence of buildings was carried out using a one-dimensional canopy model combined with a meso-scale meteorological model. Since temperature increases in an urban area are caused by sensible heat from building surfaces besides anthropogenic heat and reduction of wind speed due to buildings' drag, we estimated each cause separately to determine the contribution by each to the temperature variation. The simulation was performed for Kanda, an urban area, and for Nerima, a suburban area of Tokyo. Comparisons were made with actual temperatures before the estimation. The comparison indicated that the measured temperatures in the Kanda and Nerima areas were nearly reproduced by the model. The sensitivity analysis indicated that, in a comparison with the temperature in no building environment, the contribution of (i) sensible heat flux from building surfaces to temperature rise was 49% in Kanda and 20% in Nerima, wind reduction due to drag was 41% in Kanda and 59% in Nerima, and (iii) the effect of the interaction between (I) and (II) was +10% in Kanda and +20% in Nerima.

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The concrete revetments are changed to hottest condition in the summer on the Tokyo Metropolitan. The peak of the temperature reaches 50 deg. on the concrete revetments. This paper is the study on the heat island effect of the river institutions, from the mitigation of gradual decrease to the heat of the riverside land on the Naka River by the revetment sprinkling and the revetment planting. The results are summarized into 2 points as follows. 1) The covering on the concrete revetments by the green this case, the surface temperature of the revetments decreases 2.3 deg. on the average of the experiment term. 2) The sprinkling on the concrete revetments by the pump-up of the stream this case, the surface temperature of the revetments decreases from 4 to 6 deg. on the under 1 hour.

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Heat characteristics of permeable pavement using wasted roof tiles were measured to show its efficiency as measures for heat island phenomenon. Results of laboratory experiments showed that roof tile pavement made of crushed roof tiles was supposed to have enough permeability and water retentivity. Field monitoring of temperature and water content was executed at test area of roof tile pavement being compared to neighboring asphalt pavement. The results showed that daily maximum temperature of the surface of roof tile pavement at high solar insolation in the summer was lower than that of asphalt pavement in spite of its lower heat capacity and heat conductivity compared to those of asphalt pavement. This phenomenon could be explained by the effect of latent heat flux from the water retentive roof tile pavement. It was supposed to be necessary to simulate heat flux and water flux simultaneously in the matrix of roof tile pavement to evaluate its efficiency as measures for heat island phenomenon quantitatively.

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Experimental reforestation has been conducted on the steep slope surface with three varied environmental conditions. The initial conditions of the test plots and preliminary results were reported on 13^th symposium in 2005. The continuous results of field experiment collected in 2005 were summarized in the present report. The change of water content of surface soil was measured during summer in order to estimate the importance of water status for the survival of planted seedlings. Water content of three experimental plots showed similar tendency in comparison with that observed in each rock surface before planting seedlings. Slight increase of water content of soil surface was observed in the root-beds supporting seedling survival. The nutrient contents of total nitorogen, total carbon, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) did not show significant difference among test plots. Available phosphate content showed wide variation within and among test plots. The survival rates of planted seedlings did not necessarily coincide with nutrient contents except available phosphate. These results suggested that the water content and available phosphate could be the important factor to decide survival of seedlings. Therefore it is very important to select proper position of planting for the survival of seedlings on the rock surface.

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Blasting has the possibility of creating a soil area for greening the rock desert because blasting with ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil) could make rock into soil level particles (less than 2mm) and diffuse unreacted ammonium nitrate into particles as nourishment for plants. We conducted lab-scale experiments with 30 cm cubic model of rock and field experiments on the quarry to investigate relationships between blasting conditions and performances of the fragmentation of rock into soil level particles and the diffusion of nutritional ions. As results of lab-scale experiments, it was investigated that the fragmentation performance and diffusion of nutritional ions be controlled by loading conditions and that amount of ions change with the solidity of rocks because of the changes of detonation velocity. And as results of field experiment, two aspects were indicated. One was that we must suppose the new blasting method to remain sufficient amount of particles in the crater because most fragments spread around the crater. The other was that the particles after blasting contained various nutritional ions with the ANFO, added with the fertilizer.

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Global warming and sea level-rise are projected to affect seriously on atolls, which are narrow and low-lying islets on coral reefs. Accelerated coastal erosin or decrease of coastal vegetation would be critical problems for atolls. In the present study, field investigation were carried out in order to collect the basic information for the sustainable land manegement on Majuro atoll against the global warming and the sea-level rise. The characteristics of the current field along the lagoon-side coast was clarified and a zoning map for the preservation of coastal vegetation at Laura was drawn through the field investigation.

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A stochastic typhoon model, simulating typhoon parameters with the Monte Carlo method, has been developed based on statistics of the actual typhoons in the present climate. The other model simulating typhoon parameters in a future possible climate under global warming was also developed based on a correlation analysis of the plane distributions of typhoon statistics between these climates provided by the JMA-RCM20 Model. The parameters of typhoons during a long period were determined with these models and the storm surges in Seto Inland Sea were computed with a numerical storm surge model. Then the 10 to 1, 000-year-return storm surges and tidal levels were compared between these climates. The result shows that the global warming effect in typhoon occurrence characteristics would magnify the storm surges and that both the effect and mean sea level rise would increase the tidal levels.

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It is expected that global warming may generate stronger typhoons due to increased sea surface temperature in the ocean. If this effect acts together with sea-level rise, storm surge will be higher on the coasts, resulting in a significant increase in the flood risk. This study examined based on numerical simulation how the climate change and sea-level rise induced by global warming will modify the storm surge and resultant damages, taking the Ise Bay area as a case study site, because it was severely impacted by the Ise Bay Typhoon in 1959. Intensification of typhoon has stronger effect to heighten the storm surges than sea-level rise. If the strength of typhoon increases by 20%, the damage of storm surge on the Ise Bay area will be much larger compared with that of the Ise Bay Typhoon.

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Storm surges increase inundation risk according to Sea-Level Rise by global warming. To draw out long-term coastal zone management plan in consideration of countermeasure budget and environmental conservation, we should assess the inundation area along all coasts including low-risk area. This study implemented the risk assessment of the inundation generated by an overflow and a wave overtopping on storm surge along Ibaraki coast, where defense systems including sea walls have been constructed so storm surge disaster has been rare. The inundation area calculated by this study was not large, because an overflow on these sea walls did not break out even under Sea-Level Rise. The long-term management option for disaster prevention at this coast will be development of countermeasure against the wave overtopping on Sea-Level Rise or modification of land use plans.

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The Yellow river basin is an important region for Food production of China. However, it is the region where is suffered from serious water shortage. By this reason, it is necessary to understand whether the food supply for increase of food demand by economic growth and population increase is possible. The purpose of this study is to estimate amount of potential food supply ability under the disturbance such as natural conditions in the Yellow river basin. The productivity of the Yellow river basin and the change of cultivated areas are examined. And, the food production change is estimated by each scenario, such as natural conditions. In conclusion, the changes of food productions are shown by each region.

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In the last decades, China has experienced a rapid process of urbanization, accompanied by a large flow of population migration. It is recognized that large amount of population migration and urbanization would bring impacts on regional environment. These impacts may cover many aspects, such as water use, energy consumption, land use change and pollution, etc. This paper focuses on domestic water use issue as an example.
Firstly, the mechanism of population migration is examined by using both nationwide time-series data and 2000 Census data. Secondly, alternative scenarios of economic development, population migration and urbanization in China until year 2020 are formulated, assuming socio-economic and policy scenarios in the future. Finally, impact of population migration on domestic water use is evaluated.

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Yellow River basin faces water shortage. Therefore, change of water use by replacing food supply may affect water supply and demand balance. Food production in the basin provides food demand inside and outside of the basin through the transportation. Firstly, this study estimated food supply under change of eating habits, which is based on supply and demand proportion of food balance of year 2000 in China. Secondary, additional water use amount by change of food supply was estimated. Demand elasticity in each food item such as grain, vegetable, edible oil, meat, eggs, fisheries product, sugar, was calculated by using the Almost Ideal Demand System. Also, food transportation amount based on food surplus and deficit was calculated by transportation model. As a result in the case of income increase wheat demand in the basin and pig meat demand in out-basin have impacts on basin water duty. And in case of cereal price decline wheat and maze demand in the in and out of basin have more impacts on the water duty.

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The value of acidity in Japan vary widely from the seasons. It is considered that acidic oxide in the Kanto region of Japan is mainly caused by the advection from the East-Asia continent in winter. In summer, it may be caused by the advection from Keihin industrial zone in the southern Kanto region. The present study conducted some investigations, based on station observation datasets, into the characteristics of the spatiotemporal distribution of acidic oxide in the Kanto region. The transport mechanisms of acidic oxide in each season also was investigated through a trajectory analysis. The acidity of precipitation tends to be higher as a whole in summer than in winter in the Kanto region, while the concentration of acid ion increases in winter in a part of the northern Kanto region. The results of the trajectory analysis showed that the source area of sulfur dioxide carried to the Kanto region in winter was likely to be the northern part of China.

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The present study conducted investigations using modern methods of time series analysis to clarify whether the increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide is related to the observable change of the climate in recent years. The cause-and-effect relationship among the solar activity, atmospheric carbon dioxide in the global scale and global air temperature was investigated through correlation analysis and spectral analysis using time series datasets of them. It was confirmed that the average global air temperature is increasing, and that the air temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide are significantly correlated with each other. The results of the spectral analysis showed that the variations of the air temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide have an obvious one-year cycle (seasonal cycle), and that the spectral intensity of the one-year cycle in the air temperature is greater in the polar regions than in low latitudes, while that in the atmospheric carbon dioxide tends to be lower in southward regions.

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Recently, participation of NPO in the management of the urban green spaces has been increasing rapidly. In these organizations (NPO), the operation and maintenance of urban green spaces including procurement of materials and employment of engineers has been managed by the fee from the residential community and the subsidy from the local government. This is a new concept of environmental management that the effect of the urban green spaces will be managed considering environment as “Resource” for generations and generations. there is little case where an environmental quality is examined as administrative resources. The purpose of this study is to propose and evaluate an environmental administration model of the urban green spaces which ha a good cool island effect and a harmonization between management method and cost and needs of the local community of the urban green spaces.

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