Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering
Online ISSN : 2187-4654
Print ISSN : 0286-8385
ISSN-L : 0286-8385
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Volume 62, Issue 1
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
  • Changes in hydraulic characteristics of the crater lake burst-induced mud flows occurred in the Mount Ruapehu on March 18, 2007
    Takashi YAMADA, Tomomi MARUTANI, Vernon Manville, Masanobu KIMURA, Hid ...
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 3-10
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_3
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    It is essential to determine the changes in the hydraulic characteristics of mud flows in order to better understand the flow mechanism and to develop efficient measures. We successfully observed the behavior of large-scale mud flows triggered by the bursting of a crater lake on Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand on March 18, 2007. We collected various images of the mud flow, including serial static pictures taken by our automated camera systems and video footage taken by New Zealand authorities and local television companies. Hydraulic calculations, including image-analysis, were performed to reveal mud flow flowing characteristics and to create mud flow hydrographs. Then these calculations were used to reveal travel distance.
    The peak discharge of the mud flow exponentially decreased with travel distance. The remarkable peak discharge decrease at Rangipo Desert can be explained by a gradient decrease, mud flow separation, and underground water infiltration. The mud flow behaved as a turbulent debris flow in the lower reach of the Tranzrail Gauge Station. The continuous drift currents of the mud flow between Strachans Bridge and Kauangaroa Station may suggest that one factor contributing to the decrease in mud flow energy was the friction of the bending river banks.
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  • Debris flow simulation based on stabilized FEM in penetration type Sabo dam
    Satoshi NIWA, Ryoichi OHNO, Hiroyuki YOSHIMATSU, Kazuo KASHIYAMA
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 11-22
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_11
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    The authors developed a debris flow simulator by Finite Element Method which could properly computes the process of erosion and sediment around slit type Sabo dam. In the simulator, shallow water wave equation describes debris flow and stabilized FEM is used as a method of discretization. There are two ways to define unknown in continuous equation of shallow water wave. One, the difference between reference surface and water surface is set as unknown (Way I), and the other is water depth itself as unknown (Way II). When simulator is applied to Way II, it might produce unreasonable high water depth in the discontinuous zone such as dams. This is because the diffusion effect of shock capturing term distributes water depth to the neighbor nodes counter to irregular water surface. In order to resolve this problem, the authors propose an alternative definition of reference surface used in Way I. The new definition keeps the surface evenly in the discontinuous zone which produces uneven surface in usual manner. Proposed reference surface reduces unrealistic high water depth in the discontinuous zone and stabilizes calculation process. A hydraulic experiment with slit-type Sabo dam miniature was used to verify the proposed method and qualitatively consistent result was showed. In addition, a full-scale grid type Sabo dam was simulated and comparison was made between the varying slit widths. With one more study cases, changes of flow around Sabo dams and of riverbed were calculated adequately, the validity and effectiveness of the debris flow simulator by FEM are proved in this paper.
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  • The role of data preparation on shallow landslide prediction
    Taro UCHIDA, Nobuyuki MORI, Keiji TAMURA, Hideki TERADA, Shigetaka TAK ...
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 23-31
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_23
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    In this study, we showed new data and proposed new method to analyze shallow rapid landslide susceptibility. We linked a simple hydrological model and the infinite slope stability model to calculate critical steady-state rainfall required to cause slope instability. The model was applied to a steep forested headwater of Hiroshima Seibu Mountains, western Japan. We measured soil thicknesses at 173 points in the catchment using a portable penetration test. We also measured stream flow rate and soil pore water pressures. If we used the data about soil thickness measurements and hydrological observations, the spatial distribution of critical steady-state rainfall were consistent with the spatial pattern of shallow landslides triggered by the heavy rainfall of June, 1999. However, if these data were not available, the spatial distribution of critical steady-state rainfall were not conjunction with the spatial pattern of landslides.
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Technical Papers
  • Determining the long-term precipitation index by runoff monitoring of multi-scale nested catchments
    Hiromichi MORIIKE, Yuichi ONDA, Maki TSUJIMURA, Shigeo HORIUCHI, Jyuni ...
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 32-39
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_32
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    To determine the appropriate long-term rainfall index for warning and evacuation from debris disaster, runoff monitoring of multi-scale nested catchments (headwater streams, 4 to 6 km2 catchments, and a 70 km2 catchment) have been conducted in the upstream of Kamanashi River, central Japan. Using stream discharge peak and recession curve, the relationship among basin scale, underlying geology and runoff response were evaluated. The suitable long-term rainfall index was determined by comparing stream recession curve and the effective rainfall with different half life period. The recession analysis of stream flow revealed that stream recession insensitive to catchment size but controlled by underlying geology. The half-life time of the estimated effective rainfall was 48 hours in granite, 72 hours in a sedimentary rock, 168 hours in limestone. The estimated half life period using the area ratio of catchment geology also show good agreement to the actual recession data. These finding suggest that runoff monitoring for square km scale is encouraged, and determining appropriate half life of each geology is important for future warning and evacuation plan.
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  • Flooding of flood flow including scoria-sediment to Ashigara Plains caused by Mt.Fuji Hoei Eruption
    Osamu TASHIRO, Setsuo HAYASHI
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 40-51
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_40
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    After the eruption of Mt. Fuji in 1707, tremendous volumes of sediment flooded the right bank of the Sakawa River in the Ashigara Plains, and other areas. We conducted field studies of the right bank of the Sakawa River and other areas in order to determine the terrain formed by the scoria-flood flow flooding and the distribution, stratum thickness, properties, and other features of the sediment deposits. At the same time, we also determined the terrain before the Hoei eruption. In the upstream region, the scoria-flood flow flooding created the Madarame-Kanaishima Uphill, while in the midstream region, the grooved concave ground was formed by erosion. The scoria-flood flow covered an area of about 12.4 km2, approximately 61% of the total area of the right bank. The maximum thickness of the flood deposits was 4 to 4.5 m. The total volume of soil deposited on the right bank and other areas was approximately 1.8 x 107 m3.
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  • Characteristics of slope failure by the local downpour on September 4, 2007 in Kotoura-town, Tottori prefecture
    Kan KOYAMA, Makoto FUJITA, Yuichi MAEDA, Yasuyuki TADA, Hirotaka OCHIA ...
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 52-59
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_52
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    Local downpour caused two hundred eighteen collapses in the hilly foot area of Mt. Daisen in Kotoura town, Tottori Prefecture on September 4, 2007. The collapses are dominant on the clearcut areas and the young stands of Chamaecyparis obtusa. The alternation strata of tuff breccia, which dominate hydrological and soil mechanical characteristics, affected the locations and the size of the collapses. The existence of an old crack is enumerated as a cause of the collapse of convex geographical features.
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  • Sediment dynamics in the mountainous watersheds based on differentiation of multi-temporal LiDAR survey data sets
    Akira MATSUOKA, Takao YAMAKOSHI, Keiji TAMURA, Yoshiki NAGAI, Jun MARU ...
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 60-65
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_60
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    The Mid Niigata prefecture Earthquake (M=6.8) that occurred on 23 October 2004 caused numerous number of landslides and landslide dams in the Imo River basin (A=38 km2) in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, altering sediment yield and discharge processes. Especially, a landslide that occurred in the Higashi-Takezawa district formed a large dam that reached as high as 30 m. Snowmelt and rain events produced more landslides in the river basin in the following years. We conducted multi-temporal aerial and terrestrial LiDAR surveys to clarify the post-seismic sediment dynamics in this seismically disturbed mountainous watershed. The surveys revealed the following : 1) The total amount of post-seismic sediment discharge obtained by multi-temporal bathymetric surveys coincided fairly well with that of the post-seismic sediment runoff, as revealed by the multi-temporal aerial LiDAR surveys. 2) The gully erosion and very small-scale collapses caused by snowmelt or snowcover could be detected by the multi-temporal terrestrial LiDAR surveys.
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Research Note
  • Experimental study on trap performance of grid shape check dam on debris flow with woody debris
    Hajime SHIBUYA, Daisuke HARAKI, Satoshi KATSUKI
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 66-73
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_66
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    This paper presents an experimental approach to observe the drift woods containing effect on the debris flow daming up performance of open type steel frame check dam structure. The hydraulic model experiments with various parameter of beam's span and drift woods containment ratio are carried out. After checking the capture mechanism of open type check dam to the debris containing the drift woods, the debris capture ratio corresponding to the drift woods containment ratio are discussed. Significant effect on the trap performance by the horizontal clearance of the check dam and the woody debris containment ratio in the debris flow are found.
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Technical Notes
  • Debris flow control structures installed in zero-order torrents―a debris flow fence―
    Takahisa MIZUYAMA, Hiroshi WADA, Kazuo YOSHIDA
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 74-76
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_74
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    There are many small debris flow torrents so called zero-order basins. It is usual that a channel with necessary cross section can not be prepared at downstream of a sabo dam. The frequency of debris flow is low, for example once every 100 years. Debris flow control can be said a sort of crisis management. To control not whole debris flow but only sediment is a rational way. Damage by only water must be accepted to some extent. Present control structures are strong but expensive. The budget for debris flow hazard mitigation has been shrinking. A simple structure, we call a debris flow fence is proposed. It is made of steel not of concrete. It is less expensive and can be constructed for a few months.
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  • Development of a survival room from sediment-related hazards
    Takahisa MIZUYAMA, Shunichiro KASAI, Hiroshi MORIYAMA
    2009 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 77-79
    Published: May 15, 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 01, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11475/sabo.62.1_77
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    There are many houses in landslide or debris flow dangerous areas. It is recommended to move to safe places, it, however, is not easy for most people. We developed a survival room that is a unit to protect people from shallow landslide and debris flow. The unit is made of steel and to be installed in a room of existing houses in landslide and/or debris flow dangerous areas. Its size is 4.5 tatami-mats (2.85 m x 2.85 m). Its cost is estimated around J¥650,000. It is expected that sons and daughters working in cities, leaving their elderly parents in home towns purchase the survival room for their parents.
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