日本學士院紀要

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　Workers in Japan usually organize labor unions at individual enterprises and then unite into industrial and national federations for their cross-enterprise cooperations. Since 1955, such enterprise unions have been conducting the “Spring Wage Offensive,” in which they concentrate wage increase negotiations during March and early April of every year with the coordination by their industrial and national federations. Until the 1970s, in such offensives, unions of major enterprises in booming sectors conducted wage increase negotiations with strikes of a day or two to create patterns of wage increases, which unions of other industries emulate with similar strikes to reenforce the wage increase patterns. Then, at the final stage, unions in the essential public services engaged in concerted industrial actions of short duration to finalize the patterns. Wage increases thus attained in the spring offensives incorporated into wage revisions in the national and local government employees, as well as into annual revisions of regional minimum wages.
　Spring wage offensives had been quite successful during the period of economic growth until the 1980s, attaining wage increases of more than five percent each year. Yet Japanese economy fell into serious difficulties in the beginning of the 1990s, due to the fall of the bubble boom and the advent of intensified global competition. Consequently, the spring wage offensives fell into a lengthy slump for more than 20 years with wage increments of a little more or less of 2%. Then, remarkably, the 2023 spring wage offensive attained 3.56% of wage increase, the most considerable level in 30 years. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

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