This paper discusses the transformation of the interpretations of Red Tourism, which used to be developed within political structures, in an information-oriented Chinese society. Using the case of the national flag-hoisting ceremony in Tiananmen Square for study, this paper determined that a “pseudo-bottom up Red Tourism” is constructed through social media. Users believe that they can create a “sacred space” by themselves, whereas their actions on social media are actually manipulated and filtered by the platform in imperceptible ways to lean toward certain directions. Therefore, it can be argued that social media presently creates authenticity in a new format for Red Tourism by softening and concealing these power structures that earlier functioned ostensibly.

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In recent years, numerous unprofitable rural railway companies in Japan have made efforts to increase their revenue by introducing tourist trains. Although such trains were originally meant for local transportation, they have become tourist attractions in and of themselves. Thus, this paper focuses on three distinct performative stages and uses a dramaturgical approach to analyze the kinds of touristic scenes that are created on tourist trains in rural Japan. First, I discuss the tourist train of the Noto Railway and examine how the train windows separate the gazing subject from the gazed-at object, similar to a stage set. Next, using the example of the event train of Choshi Railway, I describe these trains as self-contained performances that involve the passengers themselves as performers. Finally, I discuss how a broader range of audiences view the media representation of the effort of turning railways into tourist attractions by taking the example of Sanriku Railway and its depiction in the NHK morning drama Ama-chan. In an environment of ubiquitous digital media and internet access, rural railways are presented as objects of the tourist gaze that the public wants to protect and support. Such tourism developed around the self-awareness of decline and crisis displays the characteristics of a reflexivity that permeates various aspects of contemporary society.

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Olympic tourism, as a mega-event of sports tourism arising from the unique interaction of “activity, place and people,” involves the vast range of politico-economical, socio-cultural conditions and various human and nonhuman actors（urban regeneration, festival capitalism, political propaganda, disaster, human-right, dope test etc.). This hybrid network generates the characteristics of Olympic tourism. This paper, at first, aims to deepen the analysis from the perspective of “authentic athlete,” focusing on the issues of amateurism, nationalism and commodification of sporting body of Olympians. The Olympic and Sports tourism provide people with exciting tourist experiences, and Olympic cities with vibrant and multicultural places, and travelers with varied active, passive and vicariously experienced activities（Weed,2008,p.7). For planning the strategies of Olympic tourism and maximizing its benefits, the analysis of the tourism flows not only during Olympic Games, but also pre- and post-Games is necessary. And finally I discuss about ontological agenda proposed by the para-athletes having a new perception and viewpoint through their body integrated with machine.

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The two main purposes of this research paper are to review the history of sport tourism policies in Japan and discuss sport tourism policies after the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 (henceforth, Tokyo 2020). To date, the Japan Sport Tourism Alliance and regional sports commissions have been launched and developed to build a foundation for sustainable sport tourism development not only for, but also after, Tokyo 2020. Considering that accelerated inbound tourism may be a legacy of Tokyo 2020, the following tourism attractions have been promoted as sport tourism policies: (a) outdoor sport tourism that includes winter sports, mountaineering/hiking, walking, and cycling in Japanese natural settings, and (b) budo (martial arts) tourism that includes Japanese cultural sports such as judo, karate, kendo, and sumo. Although both of these may appear to transform Japan into an attractive sport tourism destination, overtourism and authenticity/commodification still need to be discussed in the light of sport tourism policies.Additionally, supplemental tourism activities based on Tokyo 2020’s legacies (e.g., touring stadiums and museums, visiting host towns where training camps were hosted) will be effective in promoting sport tourism in Japan after Tokyo 2020.

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The Rugby World Cup was held in 2019 in Japan. Also the Olympic and Paralympic Games are scheduled to be held in 2020. Thus, at present, sports is the most popular social topic. Sports involve a lot of issues like physical abuse, fraudulently-fixed results, doping, and so on, and these issues are being actively discussed in media every day.
Tourism is another popular social topic. The tourism boom in sightseeing spots such as Shibuya or Kyoto cannot be ignored. Crowds in these places resemble morning rush hour in a packed train station. At the same time, however, over-tourism, which is placing excessive burdens on local communities, has become a major element in government policies aimed at regional revitalization and economic growth though tourism.
Even though sports and tourism are currently gaining immense popularity on a global scale, it is very interesting that culturally they originated in the 18th to 19th centuries in Great Britain. Moreover, this commonality is not coincidental. Thus, in this paper, I would like to examine the social potential of sports and tourism in the 21st century while reconstructing their cultural histories.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the potential of “new sports” and “lifestyle sports” as an emerging resource for development of sports tourism. “New sports” like surfing, skateboarding, rock climbing, BMX, and parkour for instance, reflect both a criticism and an alternative to mainstream modern sports. This paper was written in September 2019, when the Rugby World Cup was being held in Japan, which was estimated to bring nearly half a million overseas visitors to the country and billions of yen to the economy. The Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics will also be held in Japan, and in 2021, the Kansai region will host the World Masters Games. Japan will be hosting a number of the world’s largest sporting events in a short span of time, and this is being celebrated as the “Golden Sports Years” (Mano: 2015). However, such international mega sports events are not held regularly in Japan. Therefore, there is a need to consider sports tourism beyond the “Post-Golden Sports Years” in Japan. To address this, it is necessary to examine the meaning of “sports” as a resource for sports tourism. In other words, sports that have been the base for sports tourism, whether conscious or unconscious, are a part of the culture that was born in modern times. Therefore, rethinking “sports” as a resource for sports tourism would invite new criticisms of modern sports and present alternative understandings of the relationship of sports with tourism.

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The aim of this paper is to examine a new relationship between “Olympic Games and Tourism”, focusing mainly on the analysis of tourism policies and the urban regeneration in the case of the 2012 London Games.
The Olympic Games were originally conceived as international sports events, but they go beyond just being global sports events in the contemporary era. The Olympic Games have been increasingly related with cultural policies, tourism policies, and urban regeneration, as the IOC presented the importance of “promoting a positive legacy from the Olympic Games to the host cities and host countries” since the beginning of the 21st century.
Through looking at the London 2012 Games, this paper found out the following points; First, UK successfully leveraged the opportunity of the 2012 Games to promote tourism under the “Great Campaign”. Second, the London 2012 Games was also strategically used as a catalyst for the urban renewal in the east London areas. More than ten years’ process of the urban regeneration around the Olympic park at Stratford has led to a birth of “world-class destination of London”, which can be considered as an important achievement from the viewpoint of tourism. Third, however, the “destination” in this case implies “a good place to live, stay, work, and invest” (like the concept of a creative city), rather than just the sightseeing spot. This means that the tourism policy in the context of recent Olympic Games covers multiple aspects, including a project of creating a destination in a host city as well as that of promotion campaigns.
Thus, through this analysis, this paper stresses the importance of exploring how and why the recent Olympic Games are linked with tourism, because they are now increasingly used as a catalyst for urban regeneration along with promoting tourism. This is true of the case of the Tokyo 2020 Games, and it is important for tourism researchers to analyse the interconnection between the tourism policy and the urban regeneration around Tokyo Games’ site.

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