This paper presents an optimization method for guitar fingering. The fingering is to determine a unique combination of string, fret and finger corresponding to the note. The method aims to generate the best fingering pattern for guitar robots rather than beginners. Furthermore, it can be applied to any musical score on single notes. A fingering action can be decomposed into three motions, that is, a motion of press string, release string and move fretting hand. The cost for moving the hand is estimated on the basis of Manhattan distance which is the sum of distances along fret and string directions. The objective is to minimize the total fingering costs, subject to fret, string and finger constraints. As a sequence of notes on the score forms a line on time series, the optimization for guitar fingering can be resolved into a multistage decision problem. Dynamic programming is exceedingly effective to solve such a problem. A level concept is introduced into rendering states so as to make multiple DP solutions lead a unique one among the DP backward processes. For example, if two fingerings have the same value of cost at different states on a stage, then the low position would be taken precedence over the high position, and the index finger would be over the middle finger.

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太陽電池は発明されて半世紀近くになろうとしている現在, 省エネルギー, クリーンエネルギーの重要性が叫ばれているなかで, ますます期待と注目度が高まってきている。本文では, その太陽電池の発電原理, 出力特性, 種類等の一般論を述べるとともに, TDKのフレキシブル太陽電池の特徴とその太陽電池を使った電子工作を紹介する。

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Many investigators suggested that self referent tasks facilitate mood congruence effect. Self-referential tasks are distinguished from self-descriptive tasks and autobiographical tasks. When using an autobiographical task, there may be different emotional valences of stimulus words and of recalled episodes. This study used an autobiographical task to investigate whether the emotional valences of recalled episodes influenced the mood congruence effect. Fifty-one undergraduate students were randomly assigned to three types of induced-mood groups (positive, negative and neutral). Stimuli were 40 neutral-trait-adjective words, presented at a rate of one word every six seconds. Participants judged whether they could recall any of their autobiographical memory related to the word, and rated the emotional valence of their recalled memory. Results suggested that not only the emotional valence of the stimulus but also the emotional valence of the recalled is important for the mood congruence effect.

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気分一致記憶とは，気分と一致した感情価をもつ刺激語の記憶成績が良くなる現象を指す．本研究は，自伝想起課題と修正自伝想起課題を用いて気分一致記憶を検討した．大学生90名をランダムに実験条件に割り振った(ポジティブ，ネガティブ，ニュートラル)．ポジティブとネガティブ気分群は，気分誘導のために音楽を聴取した．各群の被験者には4秒間隔で刺激が呈示された．刺激は快語30語と不快語30語の形容詞を使用した．自伝想起課題の参加者は刺激語にあてはまるエピソードを生成し，それが自分の経験にあるかどうかの再認を行った．修正自伝想起課題の参加者は，刺激語から自分自身のエピソードを生成するのが簡単か難しいかどうかを判断した．実験の結果，自伝想起課題の再生率においてポジティブ気分でもネガティブ気分でも気分一致記憶が見られ，修正自伝想起課題では気分一致記憶が見られなかった．このことから，再認処理もしくは生成・再認処理が気分一致記憶の生起に重要であると考えることができる．

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Mood-congruent memory refers to the phenomenon of facilitated encoding for material that is congruent with a person's mood. Results of several studies have shown that an autobiographical recall task that participants recall episodes corresponding to a stimulus facilitates mood-congruent encoding. However, the possibility exists that episodes recalled from the stimulus differ among participants. For the present study, which used emotional episodes to preclude that possibility, 45 participants were assigned randomly to one of three induced mood groups (positive, negative, or neutral). They listened to music, which induced moods for positive and negative mood groups. Participants in each condition were presented with 10 pleasant and 10 unpleasant episodes at 6-s intervals. Mood-congruent memory was observed in both positive and negative moods.

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本研究では，Remember-Knowパラダイムを用いてエピソード想起課題における検索過程の違いが気分一致記憶に及ぼす影響を検討した．大学生60名が実験に参加した．参加者をポジティブ気分群とネガティブ気分群と音楽聴取を行わないニュートラル群に割り振った．各群の参加者には4秒間隔で刺激語が呈示された．刺激語は快語30語と不快語30語の形容詞を使用した．参加者は刺激語から自伝的記憶もしくは母親のエピソードが思い出せるの(Remember)か，わかるだけ(Know)か，想起できないか(Not)の判断を行った．実験の結果，刺激語の再生率では，回想を伴う意識的検索において自伝想起課題でも他者エピソード想起課題でも気分一致記憶が得られた．このことから気分一致記憶の生起には，学習時に回想を伴う意識的検索が重要であることが示された．

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気分一致記憶とは，気分が気分状態と一致した情報の記憶を促進することである．この気分一致記憶の生起には自己に関係づける処理が重要であると考えられている．本研究では，自伝想起課題と母親に関係づける課題である他者エピソード想起課題を用いて気分一致記憶の生起要因を検討した．大学生66名をランダムに実験条件に割り振った(ポジティブ，ネガティブ，ニュートラル)．ポジティブとネガティブ気分群は，気分誘導のために音楽を聴取した．各群の被験者には4秒間隔で刺激が呈示された．刺激は快語30語と不快語30語の形容詞を使用した．参加者は刺激語から自伝的記憶が想起できるかどうか，もしくは刺激語から母親のエピソードを想起することができるかどうかを判断した．実験の結果，自伝想起課題でも他者エピソード想起課題でも，再生率においてポジティブ気分でもネガティブ気分でも気分一致記憶が見られた．このことから自己に関係付ける処理のみが気分一致記憶の生起に重要ではないことがわかった．

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　This paper examines the Truth Box, a radio program broadcast under the

General Headquarters of the Allied Forces（ GHQ） in Occupied Japan. The Civil

Information and Education Section （CIE）, a special staff section of GHQ,

directed and produced the program, answering letters from listeners about

their questions on the Asia-Pacific War. The author’s main aim is to reveal how

the program conveyed the Emperor’s war responsibility, while establishing a

new relationship between the Emperor and the Japanese public. Drawing on an

analytic framework called Critical Discourse Studies, which allows us to explore

a media discourse within its sociohistorical contexts, the present study provides

some previously-unpublished scripts of the program and analyzes them with

reference to related historical primary sources. The author concludes that the

Truth Box, which premiered after the Humanity Declaration and continued to

air in parallel with the opening of the International Military Tribunal for the

Far East, clearly reflects the political intention of GHQ and the CIE to exempt

the Emperor from any culpability by orienting the Japanese public to reflect on

their own war guilt.

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