本研究の目的は，Sprangerの価値類型論に基づき6種の価値への志向性を測定する尺度である「価値志向性尺度」の尺度項目間にみられる順序関係を明らかにし，価値志向性というパーソナリティ特性の構造や成り立ちを解明することである。本研究ではそのための分析手法を新たに開発し「順序関係分析」と名付けた。順序関係分析では，尺度に含まれる2項目ごとに順序関係の有無が判定される。2項目間の相関係数および平均値の差が共に基準以上であれば「順序関係」，相関係数が基準以上で平均値の差が基準未満であれば「等価関係」と判定される。さらにこれらの順序関係および等価関係が樹状図で示される。この分析を，大学生320名（男子156名・女子164名／平均年齢20.0歳）の価値志向性尺度への回答データ（5件法）に適用し，6種の価値志向性（理論・経済・審美・宗教・社会・権力）を測定する6尺度それぞれについて樹状図を作成した結果，Sprangerの理論ともよく対応する特徴的な順序関係が各尺度において見出された。また，今後尺度の妥当性をより高めるべく改良していくための示唆が得られた。

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The precise proof of a crime using objective evidence is becoming increasingly important as Japan's crime rate climbs. This need arises not only from the current high rate of anonymous crime, but also the introduction of a Saiban-in (citizen judge) system, and the increased silence of suspects following investigation visualization. Forensic science is an academic field that investigates legal (and illegal) matters using science, and subsequently applies research results to resolving real crime cases. Materials examined during forensic practice include both common specimens, such as fingerprints, footprints, blood stains, and hairs, and less common specimens, such as soils, plants, dust, and pollens. In the event of biological, chemical, or explosive terrorism, air and surface wipe specimens—possibly containing chemical warfare agents, microbes, and explosives—can become critical target materials. Alternatively, on discovering powders and/or liquids that are suspected to be illegal drugs, preliminary tests are performed at the crime scene itself. Subsequently, confirmatory examinations are performed at a forensic science laboratory. Current research efforts are underway to develop simpler and more reliable tools for on-site drug testing, and to develop analytical methods capable of differentiating regioisomers of drugs, performing drug metabolism studies as a way to identify drugs of abuse, and studying the organic synthesis of authentic standard compounds. In this review, we outline current state-of-the-art technologies in forensic chemistry.

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Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful analytical technique which enables highly specific determination of drugs even at the ng/L level, especially for hair samples from victims of drug-facilitated sexual assault. However, there are issues that coexist with such level of sensitivity. We experienced a false-positive result wherein a diphenhydramine (DPH, an OTC sleep aid) peak constantly appeared at trace levels even in the blank tests. In this study, the cause of this phenomenon was investigated to ensure the reliability of analysis. As a results, it has been revealed that the ultrapure water, prepared from tap water for making the mobile phases, contained DPH as an impurity at pg/L level. DPH in the mobile phase was probably concentrated at the top of the reverse-phase LC column by the gradient program, and then was eluted with increased percentage of organic solvent in the mobile phase. DPH in the ultrapure water is probably attributed to contamination of aquatic environment by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).Thus, in the high-sensitivity analysis of drugs, great attention should be paid to the fact that ultrapure water, used for sample preparation or mobile phases, can contain very small amounts of PPCPs.

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 In order to establish the method for discriminating between oral ingestion (internal use) and dermal absorption (external use) of diphenhydramine (DPH) using biological fluids, the excretion profiles of unchanged DPH and its metabolites in urine as well as time-course changes in blood concentration of DPH have been investigated. Urine and blood specimens were obtained from volunteer users of either the sleep-inducing drug Drewell tablet or the antipruritic drug New Restamin Kowa ointment. Unchanged DPH and its metabolites were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a C₁₈ semi-micro column. DPH and its three metabolites, diphenhydramine N-oxide, N-desmethyl diphenhydramine and diphenhydramine N-glucuronide, have been detected, for the first time, in urine after dermal absorption, and the urinary excretion profiles of DPH and the metabolites were observed along with those after oral ingestion. Maximum concentration times of DPH and its metabolites in urine were between 21 and 73 hours in dermal absorption, and between 4 and 21 hours in oral ingestion. Maximum concentration times of DPH in blood for dermal absorption were also larger than those for oral ingestion. These results suggested that absorption of DPH through the skin occurs more slowly and continuously compared with oral ingestion. In addition, the maximum concentrations of DPH and its metabolites in urine after oral ingestion were ten to hundred times higher than those after dermal absorption, which suggests that the urinary concentration of DPH and its metabolites could be applicable as the indexes which allow to discriminate between internal and external uses. The findings obtained in this study will be indispensable as the fundamental information for discussing intake situations of DPH in the forensic fields.

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今日，包括的性教育が国際的潮流だが，日本はほど遠く，子どもたちのニーズに添った性機能やSEX に関する実際的知識の教育も不足し，大学でも同様である。ポルノグラフィ的イメージから性を真面目に学ぶ行動は起こしにくい。日本は「恥の文化」があり性に特にデリケートでもある。一方，現在インターネットは特に若者の身近なメディアである。解決志向ブリーフセラピーはリップルエフェクトを重視し，最初のドミノの1 枚を倒すことに尽力する。本研究では，「性機能やSEX に関する実際的知識の学習」というドミノの最初の1 枚を倒す位置づけで，①授業では性に対して適切に向き合う態度を涵養し，②性機能やSEX に関する実際的知識についてはメディアを活用し授業外で主体的に学ぶ，という方法で大学生に授業を実施し，この方法が性教育として適切かをアンケートにより検討した。その結果，性別を問わず8 割の「よい」の回答があり，①②の両点が支持され特に②の支持が多く，本授業方法が適切だと示された。今回は授業終了時の調査であり，今後授業外で主体的な学びが行われたか確認を行った上での効果検証が必要である。

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近年, 性暴力被害が女性の健康に大きな影響を及ぼすことが明らかにされてきたが, 性暴力被害に関する看護者への教育プログラムの開発と評価はほとんど行われていない. そこで本研究は, 性暴力被害に関する看護者への教育プログラムを実施し, 評価することを目的とした.
対象は, 教育プログラムに参加を希望した33名の看護者である. 教育プログラムは7時間で, 強姦神話を含めた性暴力被害者に対する看護者の態度を重視した. 成果変数は, 看護者の「性暴力に対する態度」,「性暴力に関する一般知識」,「性暴力被害者への看護ケア」の3点とし, プログラム前, プログラム後, 1カ月後の測定を行った. 比較群として, 教育プログラムに参加していない看護者33名を抽出した.
二元配置分散分析の結果,「性暴力に対する態度」得点の変化 (F=6.848, df=1, p=.011) および「性暴力被害者の看護」得点の変化 (F=28.946, df=1, p<.001) に2群間で有意な差が認められた. これらの結果から, 教育プログラムは性暴力に対する看護者の態度を変化させ, 性暴力被害者への看護の理解を高めるのに効果的であったと結論づけることができる.

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The sexual offences may be grouped into three types with their protecting interests. Those in the first type consist of rape and sexual assault etc., which protect freedom to consent to sexual intercourse or other indecent acts. Those in the second type consist of the article forbidding obscene acts to juveniles in Ordinance for eliminating harmful circumstances surrounding juveniles, Child Welfare Act and Anti-Prostitution Act etc., which protect the youth who have the immature capacity to concent to sexual activities, from sexual abuse by the adults. Those in the third type consist of the crime of indececent behavior in public, and the crime of distributing the pornographic books etc., which protect social sexual morality or sexual sense. Looking the history of the regulation on the sexual offences, it declares clearly the changes of the women's social and marital status. Those in the first type were considered as the offences which invade sexual morality in the past, but recently, the existance of consent at the sexual intercourse had been regarded as important, so the necessity of the protection from the injury by the sexual assault in the familiar terms were recognized gradually. Those in the second type aim to regulate the activities of sexual abuse to the juveniles whether or not the victim consents. In those field, ambiguity of the word "Inkou" (obscene act) and the rationality of paternalistic intrusion by the penal sanction are called in question. Those in the third type were gradually decriminalized with the progress of the sence of liberation of sex. In this paper, it is aimed to consider what is the better method to protect the interests being invaded by those in the first and the second types of sexual offences.

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本研究は，レイプ被害者の友人など周囲の人間の性役割観と被害者への過失帰属との関係について，以下の二つの仮説を立て，検証した。仮説1は，伝統的性役割観と被害者への過失帰属の関係は，周囲の者の「女性の暴力的性願望を肯定する態度」と「派手な若い女性が被害に遭うという被害者観」によって媒介され，これらの態度と認知が過失帰属を強めるというものである。仮説2は，上記の関係は，「見知らぬ変質者がレイプをおこなうという加害者観」によって媒介されるが，その加害者観は被害者への過失帰属を弱めるというものである。男女大学生370名（男子学生162名，女子学生208名）に質問紙調査を実施し，次の結果が得られた。1)仮説1の，女性の暴力的性願望を介するパスは男子学生，女子学生いずれの回答者でも支持された。2)しかし，被害者観の影響は女子学生でのみ確認できた。3)仮説2は，男子学生でのみ確認された。これらの性差について，Shaverの個人的類似性の概念による解釈の可能性が議論された。また，本研究では過失帰属と同時に被害の過小評価も従属変数に含めたが，分散が小さいことから分析の対象から外し，これについては今後の課題とした。

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 Increasing numbers of drug-facilitated sexual assaults (DFSAs) have been reported recently and have become a social concern. In DFSAs, biological specimens (urine, blood, and hair) are analyzed to prove the victim's drug exposure, which can lead to proof of the sexual crime. Hair is the only specimen that can provide firm evidence of drug ingestion in cases of long delays (more than a week) in reporting the crime. Furthermore, detailed sectional hair analysis of a single hair strand enables to estimate the victim's drug-use history (date and amount of intake). Several recent studies have demonstrated high-sensitivity methods using mass spectrometry to detect sub-pg/mg concentrations of hypnotics in hair, and additionally illustrated the incorporation pathways of drugs and detailed distribution patterns in the hair after intake. Based on these findings, hair testing for hypnotics has been put to practical applications since 2016. In this paper, we review the practical concepts and usefulness of hair testing for hypnotics while introducing the current situation of DFSAs.

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薬物の乱用は世界中で大きな社会問題を引き起こしている．乱用によるリスクから人々の健康を予防し，守るためには乱用薬物の分析法の開発と応用が重要である．一方，薬物の摂取を証明するには，血液や尿などの生体試料の分析が不可欠であるが，その中で，毛髪は長期にわたる摂取情報を知ることのできる貴重な試料といえる．毛髪分析の歴史は比較的新しいが，分析機器の発展に伴って，実用的で有用な分析法が開発されるようになり，現在では法中毒学あるいは臨床化学などの分野で大いに利用されるようになっている．本総説では，毛髪分析の歴史，意義などを解説するとともに，最近の分析例を紹介する．

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