沖縄県諸島(石垣島・西表島やその周辺の島々)では,数kmの遠隔地まで水田耕作にかよっている農家が少なくない.石垣島では,島の南岸の集落から北部の水田まで,かつては馬または馬車で,いまではオートバイや自動車で通耕している.また西表島については,小さな離島(竹富島・新城島・鳩間島)からの船による通耕がみられる.遠距離通耕の発生要因は二つあった.第一はマラリアである.水田のある石垣島北部や西表島は第二次大戦直後までマラリア地帯であったので,人々は無病地に住み,有病地の田まで耕作にかよった.第二は人頭税である.では1637年から1902年まで人頭税が課され,田の有無にかかわりなく米を上納させられたので,遠隔地まで水田耕作にかよわねばならなかった.このような遠距離通耕につき,主要通耕先,通耕手段,通耕の季節と期間などを明らかにし,また近年におけるその変化について検討した.

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近代の廃村は，そのほとんどがマラリアによる人口減少が原因とされてきた．しかし一方で，マラリア禍の激しかった西表島において500年以上も存続してきた祖納のような集落も存在する．本稿では，近代廃村期（1900年から1938年）を生き延びたマラリア有病地集落共通の特徴を分析し，その集落存続要因を探った．その結果，不明な点の多い伊原間集落を除き，のマラリア有病地存続集落はすべて蔡温施政期以前からの古集落であった．古集落は，良港や湧き水の存在など立地条件がもともと良く，生活基盤がすでに整備されていたため，近世の地元役人による不正な課税に苦しみながらも人口を維持し得たと考えられる．また，近代廃村期における石垣島と西表島の廃村状況およびマラリア罹患率の違いから，マラリア予防対策は西表島の方がより効果があがったことが明らかになった．資料の多く残る西表島の古集落祖納を事例として検討したところ，住民による自発的集落移動や予防事業への全面的協力があった．祖納のような古集落には，人口減少を回避する強い集落内結束があり，こうした人間関係を基にした社会構造が，マラリア禍を緩和し，集落存続のための生存戦略を生む背景となっていたのである．

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日本の最西南端に位置する群島には, 古い習慣が沢山残っている。本稿では現地へ行かれた筆者に, その中から興味ある味噌料理について報告していただいた。

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Recent archeological interests in Yaeyama district are as follows:
1. Characters and dating of the neolithic aceramic culture which has been chronicled as to be of the First Period.
2. Problem about the “Red Ware” which was newly discovered.
3. Re-examination of previous chronological framework about the prehistoric sites.
1. Recently the Funakuya, Kanda and Nagura-B shell mounds, which have been known as the sites of the neolithic aceramic culture, are investigated in purpose to find out any occurrence of pottery. But no pottery fragments were discovered from the includes of all the sites. In the chronological framework, the site of the neolithic aceramic culture has been regarded as the oldest and as fundamental of the Yaeyama prehistorical culture. Referring to the stratigraphic relationship between the Otabaru and the Kanda sites, however, it became clear that the previous idea should be re-examined. Many data recovered hitherto and comparative study of the cultural remains reveals that this culture had developed in not so old age but probably during from 5 to 13 A.D. The culture was characteristically developed near the river mouth, on the sea coast or sand dune accompanying with no pottery but stone artifacts and shell artifacts. Usage of the earth-oven cooking together with fire stones is supposed. The stone artifacts are composed of stone axes in abundance, beat-stones and whet-stones. The stone axes are large-sized in comparison to those of the other periods and, in relatively many cases, polished or semi-polished. Characteristic technique making the stone artifacts may be pinpointed on the polished-blade, which seems to have been pursuited by the following Yaeyama prehistorical cultures. Considering by the location of the sites and the combination of cultural remains, the life of this period may have been supported through fishing and esculent culture, namely, Imo-Culture.
2. Recently the Fune No. 1 site and the Otabaru site in the Ishigaki Island yielded new form pottery which differs from the prehistoric pottery reported previously from Yaeyama district and called as Yaeyama style pottery (provided with external lugs). This pottery was named Red Ware because of reddish tint. The ware is hard baked with generally thick wall and designed by nail impression. Red Ware-type includes the associated potteries without design and with ox-horn handle. This type of potteries is widely distributed in the Yaeyama Islands and is thought to be the oldest among the pottery cultures without imported chinaware. Besides, it became clear that it precedes the aceramic culture by stratigraphic survey of the Otabaru and Kanda sites. The Red Ware culture accompanies stone axes which are generally small sized, and beaten or semi-polished. A 3, 850±75y.B.P. ¹⁴C age is measured for the Otabaru site including the Red Ware. This age is not incompatible with the stratigraphic sequence. Standing upon the ¹⁴C age, a gap exists between the Red Ware and the following aceramic culture. Beside of this problem, searching the culture anteceded to the Red Ware is a subject to be progressed in the comming future.
3. Judging from the situation mentioned above, it become necessary to re-examine the previous chronicles, Development of the Red Ware culture may have been antecedent to the “aceramic culture of the first period” in the chronicle proposed by the Waseda university. After this aceramic culture, culture yielding Yaeyama style pottery accompanied with imported chinaware appears. The pottery and the Red Ware are belonged to the same lineage, although they are separated by the aceramic culture from each other. Therefore, it can be presumed that peoples who ceased to use pottery once in the aceramic culture began to use pottery again. Social background of the repeated usage of pottery beyond a gap is also the subject to be solved in the future.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the structure and development of farming techniques in the Yaeyama region from the Meiji period to the Second World War. In doing so, the structure of traditional farming techniques in Okinawa and the development mechanisms of agricultural productivity in the Yaeyama region before the war will be clarified. This analysis is conducted from a fertility preservation system viewpoint.
The results are found as follows:
(1) In the Yaeyama region, up until Meiji period, utilization of shifting fields was widespread, manure investment was scarce and deep tillage techniques were not used. In other words, the fertility preservation system was inadequate. And the use of a plow was a distinct characteristic of the Yaeyama region.
(2) Since the early stages of the Showa period, mainly an increasing use of fertilizer quantity and the introduction of deep tillage plow techniques brought about a rise in productivity in Yaeyama agriculture. However, because these changes were an extension of Meiji era technology, the absolute quantity of fertilizer remained low. Thus the productivity of Yaeyama agriculture was lower than the Okinawa prefectural average. This showed the limitations of Yaeyama agriculture in prewar days.

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