鉛蓄電池の技術動向　広瀬　義和，近藤　悟

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One of the most important problems to develop the long-lived valve regulated lead acid battery is the intergranular corrosion of the cathode grid made of Pb-Ca-Sn alloy during trickle charging. To prevent the corrosion, the electroconductive perovskite type oxide films containing lead metal were formed on the surface of the cathode grid. As the results of surveying various systems between β-type lead oxide (β-PbO₂) and metal oxides or hydroxides, it was confirmed tha BaPbO₃ and SrPbO₃ were formed even at 300°C (mp of Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, 320°C). The life of trickle-charging test of the battery with the cathode, of which grid was covered with SrPbO₃, was twice longer than that of the standard battery without the perovskite oxide treatmeat.

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　斜面崩壊等の地盤災害の監視を目的に，太陽電池とパケット通信機能を備えた自立型防災監視ステーションを開発した．このシステムには，不安定な太陽光発電条件下でも，安定した監視を行うことを目的に充・発電状況のモニタリングと，消費電力の遠隔操作，ならびに測定機器保護のための自動停止・再起動の機能等を整備した．いくつかの試験運用を実施し，システムが設計どおりの機能を発現することを確認するとともに，電力網・通信網の整備が困難な地点における自立型防災監視に適したシステムであると判断した．

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This paper discusses the effectiveness of frequency control and peak shift by Electric Energy Storage System (EESS) that consists of Lithium ion Capacitor (LiC) and Valve-Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) battery in Izu-oshima. We demonstrate that EESS suppresses frequency fluctuation while maintaining the suitable State of Charge of LiC that has small capacity. We also demonstrate to reduce the peak load by scheduled discharge from VRLA, so it is shown that the possibility of reducing operating time of diesel generators that contributes to extend examination period.

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Ion exchangeable inorganic fibers based on sodium silicate have been successfully developed. The fibers have the ion exchange capacity of 83.8 meq·100 g⁻¹ which is comparable to that of ion-exchangeable resin. Absorbing glass mat (AGM) for separators in lead-acid batteries was also successfully prepared with ion-exchangeable sodium silicate fibers. It was clarified by charge/discharge cycle test and morphological observation with scanning electron microscopy that the ion exchangeable AGM can inhibit the precipitation of PbSO₄ particles on the surface of electrodes and consequently reduces the deterioration in coulomb efficiency during repetitive cycles. Furthermore it was also clarified that ion-exchangeable AGM can inhibit the precipitation of PbSO₄ in separator itself notably. This will allow the reduction of thickness of separator and downsizing of lead battery body.

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We propose a cooperative control system of gas engine generators and lead-acid battery in a microgrid. The control system enables a microgrid system to balance between electric power demand/supply and to control the state of charge (SOC) of the battery at the same time. To evaluate this control system, we simulated its performance in balancing the control of an experimental microgrid facility with two reciprocating engine generators for a day in which large fluctuation in PV and wind turbine output was observed. The capacity ratio of renewable energy installed in a microgrid can be increased beyond 50%.

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Employing our previously-developed measuring and training device for human dynamical balancing capability, we carried out an experiment in which a trainee once learned how to get on the device through the training, and he tried to get on the same device again after the two months. The result was that the trainees succeeded in getting on the device continuously soon after a small number of trails. This suggests that training effect is long-lasting, and the device with fixed structure has limitations as a training device. Then, how the once-obtained capability with a device is generalized for a trainee to get on a device with the different structure? In order to clarify this point, we newly designed and prototyped a building block type device whose structure could be changed within a certain range. In this report, we illustrate this device precisely.

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An Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscope (EC-AFM) was used to observe the surface reaction of lead electrode in sulfuric acid electrolyte, when the reaction corresponding to what occurs at the electrode of a lead-acid battery takes place. At first, the morphology change at the surface of the lead electrode during Cyclic-Voltammetry measurement could be observed by using EC-AFM. After that, behavior of PbSO₄ crystals during open-circuit standing after oxidation was observed by in-situ EC-AFM, and the degradation of charge acceptance performance of lead-acid batteries during open-circuit standing after discharge could be explained by this observation result. In this paper, we introduce some technique with using EC-AFM for understanding of the electrochemical reaction at solid/liquid interface in the lead-acid battery.

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Using an industrial lithium-ion battery that has higher energy density than conventional valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, a rack-mounted DC-power-supply system was assembled and tested at a base transceiver station (BTS) offering actual services. A nominal output voltage and maximum output current of the system is 53.5V and 20A, respectively. An 80-Ah lithium-ion battery composed of 13 cells connected in series was applied in the system and maintained in a floating charge method. The DC-power-supply system was installed in a 19-inch power rack in the telecommunications equipment box at BTS. The characteristics of the 80Ah lithium-ion battery, specifications of the DC-power-supply system and field-test results were shown in this paper.

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Efficient operation of the electric power is necessary for service quality (QoS) maintenance of the robot. Therefore, we need to control the energy consumption and the remaining capacity of battery. In this research, we developed construct the capacity monitoring system for the battery. This system calculates the accurate remaining capacity considering some specific change by the output current, ambient temperature and degradation.

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