There are many hypotheses regarding macrophage functions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate macrophage functions in the endolymphatic sac with endolymphatic hydrops. Thirty-one Hartley guinea pigs were immunized with rabbit stria vascularis in Freund's complete adjuvant, and 13 guinea pigs were inoculated with anaphylatoxin via the carotid artery. We observed and counted macrophages in the whole endolymphatic sac. Some of the immunized animals showed endolymphatic hydrops, and these endolymphatic sac did not contain more macrophages than in the control animals. The immune functions of macrophages in the endolymphatic sac may play an important role but we surmised these macrophages were directly unrelated to the endolymphatic hydrops.

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昨今, コンテクストドリブンによるビジネスモデルの確立が持続的競争優位のためには不可欠な条件になりつつある。そして, その代表的なものとしてロジスティクスをコンテクストとして捉えたビジネスモデルをあげることができる。それは, ロジスティクスがバリューチェーンの補助的な位置づけなのではなく, むしろその中心にしっかりと位置づけられるべきものである, というような主張である。そこで, これら仮説を実証するために, 製造業, 物流業, 卸・小売業, サービス業 (伝統的な), そしてネットサービス業を事例として取り上げ, この仮説の検証を試みることにする。

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Complement is known to be involved in many inflammatory reactions. C4a, C3a and C5a, known as anaphylatoxins, cause especially strong inflammatory reaction. Anaphylatoxins injected into guinea pig carotid arteries cause extreme atrophy of the stria vascularis in the cochlea except in the basal turn ; some cochlear nerves show degeneration, and some cochlea show endolymphatic hydrops. These results have been noted in previous reports. In this study, anaphylatoxins made from guinea pig serum treated with zymosan were injected into the tympanic cavities of 15 male Hartley guinea pigs, weighing about 350 g, all susceptible to preyer's reflex. The temporal bones were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in celloidin, cut into 13 μ sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Pathological changes in the inner ears were observed by light microscopy and all the macrophages in the endolymphatic sac were counted. Reissner's membrans were collapsed in some animals (60%). The stria vascularis in the various cochlear turns were extremely atrophied (40%) and some cochlear nerves showed degeneration. There were more macrophages in the endolymphatic sac than in the controls.
These pathological changes were similar to those observed in inner ear diseases in humans.
These results suggest that anaphylatoxins in the middle ear can affect the cochlea.

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本稿においては, 持続的競争優位を実現するためには, 伝統的なコンテンツドリブンビジネスモデルよりも, むしるコンテクストドジブンビジネテモデルが優れいると考え, そのニューモデルの1つとして統合サプライマネジメントの提言が行われる。具体には, それについての基本概念や持続的競争優位性等がコンテクズトドリブンビジネスモデルとコンテンツドリブンビジネスモデルの比較を通して言及され。

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Complement is known to relate to many inflammatory reactions, and some fragments or complexes of its components cause various types of inflammatory reactions. C3a and C5a, known as anaphylatoxins, cause strong inflammatory reactions, although they are unrelated with anaphylaxis caused by IgE immunoglobulin. In this study, we examined the role of anaphylatoxins played in the cochlea. We made anaphylatoxins from guinea pig serum plus zymosan. Twenty male Hartley guinea pigs weighting 300-400 gr susceptible to Preyer's reflex were used in this study. Guinea pig serum plus zymosan plus ε-aminocaproic acid were innoculated into the carotic artery of ten guinea pigs (Hartley strain). Guinea pig serum plus ε-aminocaproic acid, as control, were injected (ten guinea pigs). In this experiment, guinea pig's stria vascularis in the various cochlear turns except cochlear basal turn were extremely atrophied and mild endolymphatic hydrops was observed. These results suggested that endolymphatic hydrops and other inner ear diseases were closely related with anaphylatoxins.

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It has been known that the formation of the endlymphatic hydrops can be explained by the various type of experiments. In the present study rabbit's stria vascularis and Freund's complete adjuvant (FAC) were mixed well under water in oil and innoculated into the foot pad of Guinea pig (Hartley strain) susceptible to Preyer's reflex. It allowed some of the Guinea pigs to form endlymphatic hydrops. 4 out of 11 treated Guinea pigs (36%) formed endlymphatic hydrops. However, when only FCA or rabbit serum plus FCA as control were injected, endlymphatic hydrops was not observed. IgG (or IgM) and complement are necessary in order that III type allergic reaction occurs. In this experiment IgG in the endlymphatic fluid was searched for by using immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion and the slight IgG was detected. Complement in the lymphatic fluid was examined by the measurement of CH50 in modified Mayer's quantitative method. In this method 1.5×10⁸ cells/ml of sensitized blood cells were used and total amount of quantity was 50μl. 5-10 μl of the endlymphatic fluid was necessitated. In this experiment the value of CH₅₀ in the endlymphatic fluid was about 3.63 CH₅₀/ml. The endlymphatic hydrops made by our laboratory in this experiment might be caused by III type allergic reaction.

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Complements are known to relate to many inflammatory reactions. C4a C3a and C5a, known as anaphylatoxins, are known to cause strong inflammatory reactions. In this study, the influence of anaphylatoxins to the cochlea from the tympanic cavity was observed. Fifteen male Hartley guinea pigs, weighing about 350grs, all susceptible to preyer's reflex, were used in this study. Anaphylatoxins were made from guinea pig serum treated with zymosan, and were inoculated into the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs. Pathological changes in the inner ears were observed by light microscopy. Reissner's membranes were collapsed in some animals (60%). The stria vascularis in the various cochlear turns were extremely atrophied (40%) and some cochlear nerves showed degeneration. These results suggested the influence of anaphylatoxins to the cochlea from the middle ear.

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15歳以下の小児滲出性中耳炎49例 (96耳) にトラニラスト (リザベン ®) を投与し, その有効性について検討した。投与方法はトラニラストとして一日量5mg/kgを分3経口投与し, 4週間以上の連続投与とした。全般改善度は, 有効以上18例 (36.7%), やや有効以上31例 (63.2%) であった。自覚症状では難聴に有意な改善がみられた。鼓膜所見では鼓膜内陥度, 鼓室内貯留液, 鼓膜の可動性に有意な改善がみられた。会話域4分法気導聴力レベルが著明改善を示したものは投与4週後17耳 (24.3%), 8週後16耳 (32.7%) であり, 改善以上は4週後28耳 (40.0%), 8週後26耳 (53.1%) であった。チンパノグラムでの著明改善は4週後7耳 (12.1%), 8週後12耳 (30.8%) であり, 改善以上は4週後21耳 (36.1%), 8週後18耳 (46.2%) であった。特記すべき副作用はなかった。以上よりトラニラスト (リザベン ®) は小児滲出性中耳炎に対して有用な薬剤と考えられた。

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G.P.Haight¹⁾はモリブデン酸ナトリウムを接触剤として亜鉛アマルガムと煮沸することにより過塩素酸イオンを定量的に塩素イオンに迄還元して塩素酸イオンと共存する過塩素酸イオンの定量に満足的な結果を得ているが,著者は研究の都合上,塩素イオンおよび塩素酸イオンと共存する過塩素酸イオンの定量を必要とし,上記Haightの方法を追試して次の如き結果を得た.

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In our previous paper we described that IgG antibody and its complement are present in the endolymphatic fluid and that there is a possibility that type III allergic reaction occurs even in the endolymphatic fluid. Moreover, we succeded in inducing endolymphatic hydrops experimentally in guinea pigs sensitized with rabbit's stria vascularis and complete adjuvant (Freund).
In the present study pretreatment for sensitization was made 5 times in spite of 4 times as used previously. In order to determine whether there is no difference in incidence and morphology of endolymphatic hydrops as compared to those observed in the previous study and to make clear the activation system for the complement involved in endolymphatic hydrops, the present study was conducted using C4 defficient guinea pigs (C4D guinea pigs). Endolymphatic hydrops was induced in 4 out of 10 cases (40%), with similar incidences as obtained in the previous study. However, in this study bilateral endolymphatic hydrops, which had not been observed in previous study, developed in 2 cases. Since endolymphatic hydrops was not induced in C4D guinea pigs, the main activation system of the complement in volved in endolymphatic hydrops was considered to be the classical pathway.

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Die Netzhautschichten wurden an Augäbpeln von Kaninchen von mehr als 20 Fötaltagen, von Meerschweinchen von mehr als 40 Fötaltagen und von Ratten von mehr als 15 Fötaltagen histometrisch untersucht. Die Dicke der Netzhaut nimmt mit dem Abschluß der Trennung ihrer Schichten ab. Beim Kaninchen und bei der Ratte sind örtliche Unterschiede der Dicke der Netzhaut während der Entwicklung bemerkbar. Die relative Dicke der Zapfenstäbchenschicht bezogen auf die ganze Retinadicke nimmt während ihrer schnellen Fntwicklung deutlich zu. Diejenige der äußeren Körnerschicht nimmt mit wenigen Ausnahmen bis zum Zustand des Erwachsenseins ab. Diejenige der inneren Körnerschicht nimmt gewöhnlich mit dem Wachstum ab. Seit der 2. Wochen nach der Geburt bleibt sie beim Meerschweinchen fast unverändert. Diejenige der inneren retikulären Schicht nimmt immer allmählich zu. Bei dem Kaninchen, dem Meerschweinchen und der Ratte bestätigte sich, daß der Kernteil der bipolaren Zellen in der inneren Körnerschicht sich während der Entwicklung nach den Sehzellen bewegt. Es gilt also auch hier das KAPPERSsche gesetz der Neurobiotaxis.

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Effects of anaphylatoxins on the stria vascularis of guinea pigs were studied by light-microscopy and electron-microscopy by the tracer method of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We made anaphylatoxins from guinea pig serum plus zymosan. Anaphylatoxins were inoculated into the carotic artery. After 10 minutes, the stria vascularis were found morphologically normal by light-microscopy and electron-microscopy. After 24 hours, the stria vascularis were not atrophied but showed cystic formation. Leakage of HRP from capillaries was observed by electron-microscopy in the stria vascularis in cochlear fourth turn. After 48 hours, cystic formation in the stria vascularis was enlarged, and Reissner's membranes were collapsed in other guinea pigs. After 72 hours, the stria vascularis in the various cochlear turns, except cochlear basal turn, were extremely atrophied. These results suggested that anaphylatoxins were closely related with the inner ear disease.

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Asthma, aspirin intorelance and nasal polyps form a triad of aspirin-induced asthma (AIA).
Thirty four cases of AIA, 10 males and 24 females, were seen at our clinic as of 1988. Asthma was found in 29 of 34 cases (85.3%), sinusitis in 22 of 32 cases (68.8%).
Nasal polyps were found in 25 of 34 cases (73.5%).
In the cases with polyps, asthma was aggravated by mouth breathing because of severe nasal obstruction. Thus, nasal polypectomy was useful for AIA with fellowing care;
1) Control of asthma was necessary before operation.
2) For local anesthesia, 2% Xylocaine was better, because 4% Xylocaine contained of Paraben and yellow dye.
3) Antrostomy or endonasal ethmoidectomy was useful, but non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) might be necessary for fever and/ or pain after operation. Therefore, we prefered simple polyectomy.
4) Steroid nasal spray was very effective for recurrence of nasal polyps.

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