Jeju Olle, a long trail around Jeju Island in South Korea (26 courses, totaling 425km), was founded in 2007 by a passionate social entrepreneur, Ms. Myung-sook Suh, and her supporters. It created a walking tourism boom and has been widely recognized as the top brand among the 585 trails in Korea. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, has been suppressing our daily lives for over two years. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the reasons behind the increase in Jeju Olle walkers, especially among youths in their 20s and 30s, despite the deterioration of the economy, employment, mental health, and the Jeju tourism industry during the prolonged pandemic. The pandemic curtailed domestic service consumption, a sector in which a lot of youths are employed, resulting in an increased unemployment rate. Youths have a higher rate of depression and suicidal ideation than other generations, and have been more likely to suffer from the deterioration in mental health called “corona blue”. At the same time, they have been more inclined to participate in outdoor activities, including walking tours. The annual number of Jeju Olle walkers increased by 5% in 2020, and 54% in 2021 respectively, compared to pre-pandemic 2019 numbers, while Jeju tourists decreased by 33% in 2020 and 21% in 2021. The Jeju Olle Federation, a non-profit organization, has had some success in opening up the youth market during the pandemic, using new marketing and public relations activities via social media. The number of walkers in their 20s and 30s who had finished all courses in 2020 doubled from 2019. Their motives were, in order: to gain a sense of accomplishment (64.3%), the enjoyment of traveling Jeju (55.7%), introspection (49.6%), and making a new start (40.9%), and 72% of them answered that they had been mentally soothed. Therefore, it can be considered that in spite of the prolonged pandemic, the Jeju Olle walking tourism has been prosperous and the newly increased numbers of youths have revalued the brand of Jeju Olle in order to pursue “healing” and “self-realization” amid their struggles under the “with corona” era.

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馬の走行中のフォームを四肢の着地順序, 接地・空輸時間, 4つの歩幅 (SL), 幅, およびピッチから分析した.
7頭のサラブレッド種が走行するフォームを高速度カメラで撮影し, フィルムディジタイザーにより, 上記の測定値を算出した. 走速度は, 400m/minから900m/minまでの6速度であった.
結果は, 以下の通りであった.
1) 四肢の着地順序からみると, 速度ごとの左手前, 右手前の割合は, 396m/minで6:1, 527m/minでは5:2, 593m/minでは2:5, 712m/minでは5:2, 831/minでは2:5, 950m/minでは3:4であった.
2) 接地時間および空輸時間はともに, 同一速度では4本の肢の間に差はなかった. 一方, 走速度の増加にともない, 接地時間は有意に減少したが, 空輸時間は変化しなかった.
3) 4つの歩幅の中で, 後に着く後肢と先に着く前肢間の距離であるMid SLは, 走速度の増加にともない増加した. 同様に, 空輸期の歩幅であるAirbome SLも走速度の増加にともない増加した. これらのSLの増加は, 幅を伸ばすことに貢献していた.
4) 幅は, 最も速い速度で最も遅い速度の183.5%に達した. 一方, ピッチの増加は130.9%であった. したがって, 速度増加への貢献度は, 幅の方がピッチより大きい.

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　この研究の目的は,サラブレッドの最大に近い歩行速度での速度と数,幅および隣接する2蹄跡間の歩幅である隣接歩幅(以後SLと略す)の関係を知るこ,とであった。実験は競走馬としてトレーニング中の3歳のサラブレッド3頭を用いた。各馬は,そのウマにとってほぼ最大の速度を含む,6種類の異なる速度で6回走行した。幅とSLは走行後の地面の蹄跡から測定し,数は前肢に装着した加速度計の着地時の波形から測定した。数の平均分散係数はそれぞれ2.1%と1.6%であったので,数といった歩行上の特性はそれぞれのウマ個体で,駈歩と襲歩においてばらつきが小さく安定していると考えられた。数は速度の上昇に従いほぼ直線的に増加した。しかし,速い速度範囲で幅の増加率は減少する傾向を,逆に数の増加率は増加する傾向を示した。また,4つのSLの比較では,　Airborne SLとMid SLはFore SLとHind SLに比較して,速度の上昇に伴いはるかに大きく増加した。速い速度範囲で, Airbone SLはレベリングオフを示したのに対して, Mid SLは増加率の増加を示した。速い速度範囲におけるAirborne SLのレベリングオフは前肢の制動力が大きくなった結果生じ,,Mid SLの増加率の増加は後肢の推進力が大きくなった結果生じたのではないかと考えられた。

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われわれは，COPDにおける6分間歩行試験（6MWT）中の脈拍数に及ぼす心負荷の影響を検討した．心負荷の判定は，非侵襲的検査である胸部X線，胸部CT，心電図，心エコーを総合的に判定して，潜在的に右心あるいは左心の異常を認めたものとした．顕在性の心不全症状を認めた例は除外した．対象はCOPD患者87例で，群69例と，非群18例であり，右心負荷群・左心負荷群・両心負荷群・心負荷なし群の4群に分類した．6MWT中のSpO₂，脈拍数，修正Borg Scaleを用いた呼吸困難と下肢疲労感の変化を，群の2群間及び各心負荷群の4群間で比較した．脈拍数は，両心負荷群では左心負荷群と比較して4分後から6分後まで有意に高値を示し，右心負荷群は左心負荷群より，開始時から6分後まで有意に高値であった．群の70％，非群の94％で何らかの右心負荷を認めた．顕在性心不全のないCOPD症例の中で，右心負荷を示す例では，6MWT中の脈拍数が高値であり，一回心拍出量が制限されている可能性が示唆された．

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(1) 前報までに使用した馬4,牛3について同様な牽引方法によつて27.2kgから427kgまでの負荷を,概ね45kg宛10段に分ち,平坦な路面上を輓曳せしめ,10の長さとその所要時間を測定し,負荷量が歩幅,歩度の速さ等に如何なる影響を与えるかを解析した。
(2) 負荷量の増加によつて歩幅が漸次減少するのは,牛馬共にみられる傾向であつて,負荷量を初期の大いさの比較数で表わすと,歩幅の減少と負荷量の増加の間には直線的な函数関係が成り立つ。負荷量の増加によつて歩幅の減少する度合は牛馬の間に本質的な差がないとみられる。
(3) 負荷量の増加によつて牛は歩度を早め,即ち踏歩に要する時間を短縮する傾向があり,歩幅と歩度の速さの間に直線的な関係が成り立つ。

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In this paper we aim to determine what factors encourage people to walk. Our approach consists of two phases. We firstly extracted factors affecting walking from questionnaires. We then analyzed the relationships between two factors, weather and weekday/holiday, and the number of the steps. The result showed there are several patterns and the findings would be beneficial for habituating people to walk.

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馬術には，馬と騎手の2 つのそれぞれの個体の中で，情報の受け取り，解釈，アウトプットのループが存在する．また，騎手は馬上にいるため，そして馬は騎手が騎乗しているためその存在自体も常時相互に影響をしている．そのような中，人馬が一体となって演技をするには人馬間のコミュニケーションが鍵となる．人馬のコミュニケーションには様々な方法があるが，本稿では主に鞍を介して行う騎座のコミュニケーションと，手綱を介して行う拳のコミュニケーションに焦点を当てて解説する．鞍の座位部は厚みを有するが，本稿ではそのような形状の鞍の上で騎手の意思が馬に伝わるのかを含めた馬の研究を幾つか紹介する．

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The mammals use energy which stored in tendons when they swing their limb. In this paper we concentrate on the gait of the horse, especially a trot. The purpose of this study is to realize horse-like trot srait by a quadruped walking robot. The change of angle of equine fetlock joint makes the tendons stretch. When the tendons stretched, they store up energy. Motion of fetlock joint is not controlled actively by muscles but controlled passively by tendons. Authors have made a horse-type quadruped walking robot PONY. The PONY has actuator systems for fetlock joints which a motor and a spring connected in series. This system corresponds to equine muscles and tendons for example a superficial digital flexor muscle. ln this paper, first, simulation experiments showed that effect of the motor-spring system. Next, the PONY realized horse-like trot gait.

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It appears that certain factors, such as the movements of the leading forelimb and head of the horse, and the existence of the rider, influence a horse's jumping performance during show jumping. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the fundamental timing control of the horse's movement immediately before jumping and to consider the relationships between these factors. Video recordings (60 frames/s) were made using four 8-mm video cameras from 4 angles around a 100-cm-high fence. The 3-D coordinates were calculated using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. The movements of the horse with and without the rider were compared and analyzed during a few strides before jumping. The subjects were two sound horses and two skilled student riders. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Upward movement of the horse's head immediately before jumping was still evident after the forelimbs had left the ground. This situation was different from that reported for galloping horses (Amano and Ishii, 1992). 2) Immediately before jumping, the horse took a position with a shorter stride between the forelimbs. This shorter stride probably contributes to the upward movement of the horse's head mentioned in 1), and to the more forward landing of the hindlimb before jumping. 3) In relation to this short stride of the forelimb before jumping, the horse increased the landing angle of the leading forelimb and decreased the take-off angle to change its forward velocity to a more upward velocity. 4) There was no significant difference between the ridden and non-ridden horses in the timing control of the vertical movement of the horse's head and the pre-jump velocity. This may be due to the ridden horse's control of its own movement by decreasing the take-off angle of the leading forelimb in order to jump the fence. However, more cases should be examined to clarify and quantify these influences.

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