The rate curves for fatty soil removal under various mechanical conditions were drawn on the basis of spectrophotometric measurement data taken at different temperatures. The rate constant of soil removal (κ₁) and that of the redeposition of removed soil (κ_-2) were calculated from rate curves using the rate equation of fatty soil removal developed in the previous paper. The activation energy for removal (E_a) for each mechanical conditions was determined from Arrhenius plots of the rate constants. It was consequently found that with an increase in the mechanical force (rotation of stirrer), the activation energy, E_a, decreased and the detergency is enhanced. Further, the relationship between detergency, F_m, and mechanical force, M, above the temperature for liquid crystal formation in a ternary system, was determined as follows :
Fm=Cexp (-E_m⁰/aM) (1)
where C and a are constants and E_m⁰ is the activation energy related to the contribution of mechanical force. This equation is actually an Arrhenius equation expressing change in detergency as a function of mechanical energy. At a temperature above that for liquid crystal formation, the mechanical force in removal may possibly bring about an increase in the heat energy of the system in a manner similar to that by which rise in temperature causes such an increase.

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Rate constants of state transition for fatty soil in a ternary system of surfactant (SDS) /water/fatty soil (palmitic acid : stearic acid=4 : 1) were determined by means of microcalorimetric measurements at different temperatures. They increased abruptly from about 35°C. Polarization microscopic observation clearly indicated liquid crystal formation in the ternary system on raising the temperature. Consequently, rate constants above 35°C may be regarded as those of liquid crystal formation. Rate constants of liquid crystal formation were independent of the SDS concentration, clearly indicating formation of liquid crystals even at a low concentration such as 0.4 % SDS. However, the extent of conversion of fatty soil to liquid crystals depends on the ratio of surfactant to fatty soil. In an actual washing process, liquid crystal formation which facilitates removal of the soil may possibly occur in a ternary system of detergent/water/fatty soil above a certain temperature, when the amount of detergent is sufficient.

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In the present work, the formation of ternary liquid crystals and the removal of fatty soil were studied for nonionic surfactant systems (surfactant/water/fatty acid soil) in the same manner as in previous studies. Observation with a polarizing microscope indicated that, for all nonionic surfactant systems, the liquid crystal phase is formed by transition from a concentrated solution phase. Thus, in the case of a nonionic surfactant system, the temperature for liquid crystal formation T_n may be considered a phase transition temperature such as the so-called Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT). The rate constants of fatty soil removal for nonionic surfactant systems were calculated under various mechanical conditions from the rate equatoion of fatty soil removal, presented in the previous paper. The dependence of the rate constants on temperature indicated the formation of liquid crystals to be essential to fatty soil removal as also noted for the anionic surfactant system. The detergency F_m for each mechanical force M was determined using the equation indicated the previous paper from the activation energy for removal (E_a). The dependence of F_m on M indicated the contribution of mechanical force to detergency to be less in the nonionic surfactant than anionic surfactant system.

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The specimens of cellulose and polyester were soiled with oily substance, and then washed with aqueous surfactant solutions. The specimens after this procedure were supplied for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves showed an endothermic peak due to a melting of oily substance remaining on the specimen: this peak decreased with an increase in washing time, and at the same time a broad endothermic peak appeared at temperatures between the melting peaks of oily substance and frozen water. The broad endothermic peak is supposed to be due to a ternary liquid crystal, which is formed after the contact of an aqueous surfactant solution and oily substance, and contains surfactant, water, and oily substance. The change of DSC curves with washing time suggests that the ternary liquid crystal plays an important role as an intermediate product in the process of removal of oily substance. Furthermore, it is found that DSC is a powerful method to trace an amount of residual oily substances in the detergency process.

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In a previous work, the rate equation for the washing process was proposed for fatty soil removal. Here, removal rates of soild particulate soils (Fe₂O₃ and Carbonblack) and redeposition rates of the removed solid particulate soils were measured by a spectrophotometric system. Kinetic analysis of the results indicated the removal of solid particulate soils to occur by elementary processes, 1 and 2, as also noted in the case of fatty soil. The rate equation for washing process proposed in the previous paper is thus applicable to the removal process of solid particulate soils. The temperature and mechanical force dependence of the rate constants of this process (k₁) as obtained experimentally were examined in detail. The results of redeposition experiments of the removed soil indicated the rate constant of redeposition (k_-2) to be first order kinetics. Process 2 in the rate equation is reversible, involving the redeposition of removed soil and removal of redeposited soil. The rate constant for redeposited soil removal (k₂) can thus be obtained as the difference between the rate constant (slope of linear plots) of process 2 and k_2. The good agreement between k₁ and k₂ indicates soil removal in processes 1 and 2 to be essentially same for solid particle and fatty soil.

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洗浄の速度論は，一次反応式をベースにするものなどが提案されてきたが，近年確率密度関数法という新たな手法が開発された。これは汚れの付着力と洗浄力の双方が正規分布に従うという仮定の下，洗浄力分布の標準偏差と平均値の2つのパラメータで洗浄力を表すものである。これまでの研究で洗浄力と洗浄率とを関連付けることによって洗浄率の予測を可能とすることが認められた。パラメータσ_rlは洗浄メカニズムに関連し，その推定に使えることも分かった。もう一つのパラメータµ_rlは洗浄力に直接関連するパラメータであるが，ある洗浄条件を変えた場合の差分Δµ_rlを用いると2つの洗浄要素間の相互作用が相加効果，相乗効果，相殺効果のいずれであるかを判定することができる。洗浄分野を含む広い範囲で応用可能な分析ツールになり得ると考えられる。

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Aqueous precision cleaning systems are being replaced by 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane washing as a way to clean vacuum parts for picture tubes. In these systems, oil-contaminated parts are transferred from bath to bath, while the detergent solution is constantly replenished and overflowed opposite the parts flow. Systems reach and remain at equilibrium so that the oil concentration and detergent concentration in each bath may be estimated in advance.
Based upon the cleaning curves of parts obtained experimentally, practical equations which expressed the oil concentration were formed by considering the balance between the incoming and outgoing oil in the bath. This method was expanded in the case of using an oil separation device in the first bath. Based upon evaporation curves for detergent components in a laboratory test, practical equations for detergent concentration were also formed in the same way.
Estimated concentrations shown roughly agreed with those in experiments.

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　空港アスファルト舗装の維持管理の効率性と計画性の向上のためには，空港面における航空機の日常的な交通量の把握が有益と期待される．本稿では，空港面において航空機の位置の把握に用いられるマルチラテレーションのデータを用いた誘導路の交通量データの作成手法を述べる．次に，羽田空港における5年分の交通量データと舗装の補修工事の記録をもとに，誘導路の交通量と補修件数の関連性について分析し，空港アスファルト舗装の維持管理のための交通量データの活用の可能性について考察する．

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A large capacity turbine generator has tertiary mode of rotor vibration. Then the thermal unbalance of rotor has a large effect on increasing its vibration. This study presents a method for prediction and diagnosis in order to distinguish the thermal unbalance causes by using rotor condition supervision equipment and rotor thermal vibration measuring equipment. Furthermore this paper deals a method for actual adjustment in order to decrease the thermal vibration stroke by using thermal vibration operator. By this method, a satisfactory vibration was achieved for a large capacity turbine generator.

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PCとCCDカメラを組み合わせた画像撮影システムを作成し, 自作の画像処理アプリケーションにより汚れ付着量を測定した.モデルには (1) ガラス板-油性汚れ, (2) PETフィルムー糖質汚れ, (3) 布-油性汚れ, (4) カーペットー粒子汚れの4種を使用した.汚れ付着量は, 撮影した画像のRGB値を画像処理により取得し, 標準試料を利用して求めた補正式を用いて表面反射率に変換した後, Kubelka-Munk式を用いて算出した.
その結果, (1) , (2) , (3) のモデルにおいて, 洗浄前後の試料の画像処理による汚れ付着量および吸光度測定により得た汚れ付着量の間に相関性 (相関係数0.9299～0.9876) が認められた. (4) のモデルにおいては汚れ量が一定以下の部分で相関性 (相関係数0.9741) が確認された.以上より, 実用レベルで画像処理による洗浄性評価を適用することができる可能性があることが示唆された.

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