「民法（債権関係）の改正に関する中間試案」では，個人が保証人になることが制限される保証規定の潜脱防止のために，併存的債務引受の箇所に，注意書きとして，「以上に付け加えて，併存的債務引受のうち，①引受人が債務者の負う債務を保証することを主たる目的とする場合，②債務者が引受人の負う債務を保証することを主たる目的とする場合について，保証の規定のうち，保証人の保護に関わるもの（民法第446条第2 項等）を準用する旨の規定を設けるという考え方がある。」との文言が加えられていた。しかし，この注意書きは，「民法（債権関係）の改正案」には何ら反映されていない。このことは，改正民法が，併存的債務引受が，保証の潜脱として利用されることを，ある程度許すものであることを意味している。 併存的債務引受が保証の潜脱であると解するにあたっての解釈基準が裁判所により作出され，それが一般社会に浸透するには長時間を要するものと想定される。それまでは，保証の脱法として利用される併存的債務引受の横行が十分に考えられるところである。

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本研究は企業と銀行の距離と,倒産および倒産態様の関係を分析した。その結果,距離が大きいほど倒産や破産に繋がる傾向があること,この傾向の強さはメインバンクの業態により異なることが明らかになった。企業と銀行の距離が遠くなればリレーションシップが希薄となる可能性は否定できない。昨今の銀行合併や経営合理化に伴う店舗の減少が企業とメインバンクの間の距離増大を通じ中小企業の不利益に繋がっている可能性がある。

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何有荘は旧南禅寺境内に位置し、江戸時代の塔頭跡地に築造されている。明治38年（1905）に稲畑勝太郎の所有となり、「和楽庵」と称した。
本論では、資料の収集と分析を通じて、何有荘の歴史的変遷を整理し、五つの時代性を考察した。すなわち、稲畑勝太郎による第1期（創成期）、第2期（確立期）、大宮庫吉による第3期（安定期）、地割りの改変のあった第4期（改変期）、平成22年（2010）現在の第5期（再生期）に区分して、各時代における庭園の特徴を明らかにした。
特に、大正9年（1920）5月に記された「和楽園記」の時期を、第2期（確立期）の中でも「黄金期」と位置付け、その完成度を評価した。まさに、今日の何有荘庭園の骨格となる情景が「和楽園記」に記載されていることから、「和楽園記」を詳細に分析し、復元図を作成して「黄金期」の庭園の復元的考察を試みた。その結果、「黄金期」の和楽庵と今日の何有荘との差異や特徴が明らかになった。
何有荘庭園の復元にあたっては、「黄金期」に形成された和楽庵庭園のもつ本質的な美を見極めながら、何を次代に伝えるべきかを判断した上で、現代にふさわしい美を追求し、保護しなければならないと考える。

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It has often been argued that the relationship-based or bank-centered financial system should evolve into the market-based indirect financial system, reflecting the Japanese economy's experience since the 1980s. The financing of non-financial domestic sectors through bank lending has reduced since the late 1990s, as evidenced by the data from the Flow of Funds Accounts. This paper chronologically examines the evolution of the Japanese financial system since the early 1980s, focusing on the problems facing the banking sector. The examination yielded the following findings and interpretations. First, the deregulation of the capital market since the late 1970s led to a reduced dependence of non-financial large firms on bank debt since the early 1980s and an increase in bank lending to specific sectors such as real estate, construction, and retail businesses, resulting in deteriorated soundness of bank management. Second, the credit expansion in the late 1980s was facilitated by regulatory measures which failed to keep pace with the sophistication and diversification of banking activities, as well as by the monetary policy assigned to multiple targets such as stabilizing inflation, stemming the appreciation of the yen, and containing a rise in asset prices. Third, during the period from 1998 through 2003, without reasonable costs imposed on the financial sector, public funds of 10.4 trillion yen were injected to deal with the failed financial institutions including the large ones. Fourth, the Quantitative Easing Policy by the Bank of Japan provided the banking sector with the financial environment free from liquidity problems during the period from March 2001 through March 2006, when both the disposal of non-performing loans and the shake-out of small-to-medium-sized financial institutions were accelerated under the Financial Revitalization Program, which was launched in October 2002. The financial sector should contribute to the sustainable growth of the regional economy, in exchange for the favorable financial environment granted by the central bank. Fifth, securities backed by loan assets, such as RMBS and CMBS, have been issued in the amount comparable to that of straight corporate bonds in the Japanese financial market since 2004. Market-based indirect financing through the securitization of loan assets will be promoted in the Japanese financial system, requiring the improvement of existing regulations on loan origination and securitization procedures.

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Action Program Concerning Enhancement of Relationship Banking Function was released by Financial Services Agency (FSA) on March 28, 2003. The period during FY 2003 and 2004 were set as Intensive Improvement Period of the action program. FSA required Japanese local banks to exert for prompt business revitalization, such as establishment of corporate reconstruction funds for regional enterprises and aggressive utilization of Debt-equity Swap, DIP financing and others. The local banks were obliged to disclose their every semiannual progress during and just after the intensive improvement period. By means of the panel data analysis, this paper analyzes the correlation between the local bank's rate of changes of the loan outstanding and that for small and medium-sized business and their aggressiveness of the prompt business revitalization during the intensive improvement period, in other words, the early stage of the proactive efforts of them for prompt business revitalization. In this paper, three dummy variables which means whether banks either established their corporate reconstruction funds or utilized Debt-equity Swap or DIP financing and whether they did both of them are used in the loan-supply-curve-based model. And more panel data analyses of grouped samples clarified the characteristics of the aggressive local banks both in increasing their loan outstanding and the prompt business revitalization.

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In 1971 Deposit Insurance Corporation was established as a Governmental institution to insure bank deposits preventing breakdown of the financial system. A new Governmental institution called The Resolution and Collection Corporation was established after the burst of bubble economy in 1999. The function of the new institution was to purchase bad loans held by private financial institutions. In 2003 another Governmental institution called Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan was established with an aim to administer debts and credits of failing corporations. Thus a deposit insurance institution has turned out to be a quasi- banking institution managed by the Government.

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預金保険法が2013年に改正され，「金融機関の秩序ある処理の枠組み」が導入された。この枠組みは，経営危機に陥ったシステム上重要な金融機関に対し，市場型システミックリスクを有する取引を継続させつつ，株主や債権者の負担で損失を処理する（ベイルイン）という措置を定めたものであり，保険会社も制度の対象にされている。しかし，保険会社が引き受けるリスクは相互に連動しないため保険事業はシステム上重要とは考えにくく，この枠組みが適用される可能性は高くない。仮に適用される場合にも，典型的にシステミックリスクを有するデリバティブ取引を特定承継金融取引業者に承継させられる制度になってないこと，保険契約者保護機構が管財人となることが利益相反となりかねないこと及び衡平資金援助により保険契約が全額保証されベイルインとはならない懸念があることといった課題があり，創造的対応が必要となる。

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The key subjects of Corporate Governance under discussion in Japan are as follows; 1) reinforcement of directors and board of directors mainly by introduction of outside director and corporate officer, 2) strengthening of auditors and auditor's meeting by adoption of independent external auditor, 3) satisfactory general meeting of shareholders, 4) derivative lawsuit. I emphasize to integrate key factors of Corporate Governance and Business Ethics and propose innovative shift by "Business Ethics Oriented Management".

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The third party purchaser's extinguishment of hypothec system in the Civil Code was amended in 2004. The main reason is that the old system had been frequently abused.
The new system has something in common with Extinguishment of mortgage systems in insolvency law.
We can use the new system as a tool of Business reorganization, especially in the case that senior mortgagees agree but junior mortgagees disagree with the price of the mortgaged property offered by the third party purchaser.

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