ヤング（Young 訳書，2007）は，欧米におけるポスト工業化社会への変化が，同化と結合を基調とする「包摂型社会」から分離と排除を基調とする「排除型社会」への移行でもあったと指摘する。一方，敗戦後，米軍の占領期を経て厳格なエスニック・ネイションとして再出発した日本では多文化主義的な社会統合政策が取られたことはなく，そのような意味での「包摂型社会」になったことはないと言えよう。にもかかわらず，日本でも1990年代から徐々に始まっていたヤングのいう意味での「排除型社会」化の進行は見られる。つまり，「包摂型社会」を中途半端にしか経由せず，そのためそこでの同化主義への処方箋である多文化主義も経由せずに，にもかかわらず「バックラッシュ」が来ている，というかたちで，だ。
　本稿ではこうした流れを，朝鮮学校の制度的位置づけ，処遇問題からあとづけていく。そこから見えてきたものは次の3 点であると言える。①仮に戦後の日本がヤングのいう意味での包摂型社会だったとしても，その基調は同化と結合ではなく，「排除／同化」――排除と同化の二者択一を迫るもの――であった。②2000年代には，このような「排除／同化」の基調を引き継ぎながら，にもかかわらず，「多文化主義へのバックラッシュ」としての排除を露骨化，先鋭化させた排除型社会になった。③そのような「排除／同化」，また2000年代以降の排除の露骨化，先鋭化において，朝鮮学校の処遇はつねにその先鞭，象徴だった。

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本発表はグローバルな人々の移動プロセスにおいて食の果たす役割を扱う。(1)食と結びつき、日々の食実践のなかで表出される、さまざまなイメージはどのように形成されるのか、またはどのように分裂し衝突するのか？(2)そしてどのように移民たちの個人的／集合的なアイデンティティが構築されるのか？(3)さらに集団的に構築された故郷のイメージは食実践と関連するアクターを通して、どのように表象され本質化されるのか？本発表では日本の多文化地域の移民と彼らの食を対象にこれらのテーマを論じる。

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How do we apply history in politics? The purpose of this paper is to analyze how recognition in civil society, such as perception of history, plays a role in public opinion and parliamentary government. To clarify this research question, incorporating a political concept into the analysis, this paper focused on roles of the General Association of Korean Residents (Chongryon) and the North Korean Lobby and looked into the backgrounds in the repatriation massively expanded between 1959 and 1961.

Before repatriation movements started, changes of organization structures were observed in the Chongryon and they began to speak in favor of North Korea. Simultaneously, the nature of the Niccho-Kyokai (日朝協会), which had been taking a politically neutral position, also began to change. They began to be a lobbying group in order to support the North Korean foreign diplomacy against Japan.

Applying a concept of “Pseudo Environment” defined by Walter Lippmann as a subjective, biased, and abridged mental image of the world, this section reflected on influences of the two key players over North Korean residents in Japan and Japanese public opinion. The analysis found a social trend with regards to repatriation issues being manipulated by a correlation of three components in the Pseudo Environment: (1) unified perception of history, (2) motherland-oriented nationalism, and (3) economic rationality.

Based on a data-mining method, the influences of the Pseudo Environment in the Diet were analyzed. The penetration of such an environment into civil society assisted the Diet members with the repatriation project being recognized ethically and humanitarianly. Therefore, intentions of the North Korean strategies against South Korea were insufficiently discussed.

The Pseudo Environment lost its effect as (1) demand of mobilization was weakened, (2) activities were diversified among the North Korean Lobby, and (3) information about North Korea was brought by returnees, and gaps were gradually closed between the Pseudo Environment and reality.

As a result of the Pseudo Environment effectively created by the two players among the North Korean residents in Japan and in the Japanese public opinion, one-sided recognition of North Korean strategies influenced civil society and parliamentary government to bring the mass repatriation out. This analysis also concludes that a nation is capable of controlling a social trend in other countries via intermediaries from outside of its country taking advantage of certain recognition. When we see international relations in East Asia, perception of history is an ongoing issue and has been more complex. This indicates that more case studies will be expected on how history has been utilized in politics.

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This study principally analyzes and makes clear various media for communication, after World War II, among the Korean old-comers who came to live in Japan in prewar time, and also new-comers who especially increased since the late 1980s. The media among the old-comers and the new-comers show different contents and characteristics respectively. In this paper, the former is analyzed by four periods and the latter by a comparison of information magazines and others.
The old-comers began forming their media for communication right after the war that ended in 1945. Until about 1960, the media were dispatched along the two ideologically different lines in the world politics, one with the background of South Korea and the other of North Korea. Since there were no formal diplomatic relations between Korean Peninsula and Japan at that time, those media functioned as interactive connection lines. In the 1960s, the second and the third Korean generations born and bred in Japan began to participate in the Korean media formation. Although a sizable amount of ideological discrepancy still remained, concerns such as national or ethnic identity, international relations, educational problems of the second and the third generations, and others began to be discussed more. In the 1970s and the 1980s, Korean societies became major concerns in relation with Japanese society. Younger generations were adapted in Japanese society in general, and the Korean media were met with a new phase. In the 1990s, concerns on Korean societies in Japan have been strengthened further.
In the 1990s, information magazines have been published one by one by the new-comers, and as of 1997 there were seven such magazines. Increase of the number of the new-comers was a factor. Managers of the information magazines, who are also the new-comers, find the need of information exchange in Korean language with expectation to further enterprises. Contents of the magazines have gradually changed and now the new-comers themselves are tended to be a major focus of interest. In this respect, it may be said that the Korean new-comers show a tendency of adaptation to Japanese society. The information magazines try to dispatch different articles in a keen competion, but this kind of differences does not play much influence on the readers, since about a half of the pages is devoted to advertisement. Advertisements vary a great deal and this will indicate that the Korean new-comers can live well without the knowledge of Japanese language. These information magazines are thought to contribute much to the networking among the Koreans.
Location of the publishers differ between the old-comers and new-comers. For the old-comers, most of the publishers are located in central Tokyo such as Bunkyo-ku, Shinjuku-ku and Minatoku and a few in Osaka, but for the new-comers, Shinjuku is the center of location. Most of the magazines for the old-comers are published in Japanese and tend to be specialized, but the latter case is characterized by information about living in Japan through Korean language.

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There are people who criticize the modern system of nation-states since it is out of to uch with reality in the time of globalization. The majority of those people are Japan-born Korean citizens who are descendants of migrants from the former Japanese colony but have no Japanese nationality.
By asking to have voting rights for foreigners in municipal elections they are calling the notion of nation-states into question.
(1) definition of nationals:
Who should be regarded and included as nationals? Who should have rights and obligations in the nation-state?
(2) the principle that sovereignty resides in the nationals:
When nationals prevent foreign residents from having egual rights to theirs, nationality doesn't mean human rights but only privileges. Who can give it sufficient reason in the time of globalization?
In this paper I look back on the history of argument about social contract which foreign residents have made with Japan since the Japanese colonial era. I also compare it with Korean's another movement to refuse obtaining voting rights not to be ruled by Japanese nationalism.
Now many Japanese nationals think that foreign residents should be allowed to gain equal rights since they pay as much taxes as nationals. Japanese nationals also regard foreign residents as their companions after long living together. They realized that they had collaborative negotiation for long time already.
Through this argument I analyze the historical meaning of rights in Japan.

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