総観規模のに関連した慣性重力波を MU(Middle and Upper atmosphere)レーダー観測により検出した。本研究では、特に風の東西変化も調べるため、MUレーダーの多数方向同時観測可能という特長を生かし、12ビームを用いた東西スキャン観測を行った。風の水平成分のホドグラフ解析及び理論的考察により、この重力波は圏界面高度より下向きに伝播しており、水平波長は約300km、水平位相速度は約20m/sであることがわかった。これらのパラメータは観測で得られる東西風成分の空間変化など、この重力波に関するほかの情報と矛盾しない。
次にエコーパワーの高度時間断面を調べてみると、この重力波が現れていた期間、圏界面付近に強い乱流層があったことがわかった。ての乱流層は同じ高度、同じ時間に観測された水平風の強い鉛直シアーに関連している。また、重力波の運動エネルギーは圏界面より下の高度に顕著であり、局所的な水平風の回転方向から求めた上向きと下向きの伝播方向の割合は圏界面付近で逆転している。したがって、この慣性重力波は低い安定度をもった圏界面付近から発生したものと考えられる。
観測期間中、総観規模のがMUレーダ上空を通過していた。重力波はその南風が入りこむ直前に観測されている。これらの結果は総観規模のが重力波の主要な発生源の一つであることを示唆するものである。

抄録全体を表示

1941～970年の毎日の気圧配置ごよみを使って,気圧配置型の変化に注目し,次の三つの事項についてマルコフ解析を行なった. (1) 30年間を一括した気圧配置型の推移, (2) 1941～1950年,1951～1960年,1961～1970年の10年ごとを一括した気圧配置型の推移, (3) 14季節(初春・春・晩春・初夏・梅雨・夏・晩夏・初秋・秋雨・秋・晩秋・初冬・冬・晩冬)の気圧配置型の推移.解析方法としては,推移頻度行列,推移確率行列,独立生起行列,差行列,推移行列のエントロピーを計算した.こうして気圧配置型の推移パターンに湘することによって,従来行なわれた“静的”な出現頻度からでは表現できなかった気圧配置型の“動的”な特徴を,各期間および各季節において明らかにすることができた.

抄録全体を表示

It is one of the essential climatological investigations to classify temperature fields spatially continued at the surface, i. e., to set up climatic boundaries in the fields. In many investigations isothermal maps drawn from sample means have been practically used to set up boundaries in the fields. There is a possibility that the isothermal maps are different from one sample to another which are even taken under the same conditions, respectively. Therefore, classification of temperature fields might be different from one sample to another. In this investigation the author classified winter temperature fields in Kanto Plain, central Japan, using inferential statistical methods. The study area is divided into units of regular triangles. Each apex of the triangles corresponds to a point at which temperature is analysed. Sample means of temperature at three points of each unit are tested one another by F and “student-t” tests to examine whether population mean values of temperature at the points are significantly different one another.
Then two areas are set up. One is continuous area which is a unit of population mean values at the points being not significantly different one another. The other is discontinuous area which is a unit of more than a pair of the population mean values being significantly different one another. Temperatures in discontinuous area, therefore, are different for different places. From the results of the tests, each unit is identified with continuous or discontinuous area. Triangle sides between continuous and discontinuous areas are here regarded as climatic boundaries.
Above-mentioned method of classifying surface temperature fields was applied to winter temperatures (daily maximum, minimum and range of temperature) in the plain. Data of temperature were taken for the winters (December, January and February) from 1961 to 1964 at seventy-eight observation stations distributed at almost equal distances in the plain. The study area was divided into units as shown in Fig. 2. Based on the comparative examination in synoptic climatological investigations (Hohgetsu, 1978, 1979), the criterion of the surface pressure patterns in the Far East (Yoshino and Kai, 1974) was adopted here as the conditions under which samples were taken. The author analysed surface temperature fields of winter monsoon, troughs and migratory high patterns of the criterion, referring to relative occurrence frequencies of the patterns (Table 1).
As far as maximum temperature is concerned, boundaries between continuous and discontinuous areas appear in the marginal parts of the plain, and continuous areas occupy broadly the middle parts of the plain. Regarding minimum and range of temperature, distribution of continuous areas under each pressure pattern are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

抄録全体を表示

まず,月日別にまとめた気圧配置型の出現頻度の統計値を使って,日本の季節区分を行なった.すなわち次の14季節である.初春3月1日～3月17日,春3月18日～5月4日,晩春5月5日～5月21日,初夏5月22日～6月10日,梅雨6月11日～7月16日,夏7月17日～8月7日,晩夏8月8日～8月20日,初秋8月21日～9月11日,秋雨9月12日～10月9日,秋10月10日～11月3日,晩秋11月4日～11月25日,初冬11月26日～12月25日,冬12月26日～1月31日,晩冬2月1日～3月28日.次に各季節について,次の項目を計算した. (1) 各気圧配置型の出現頻度, (2) 札幌・新潟・東京・鹿児島の4地点における種々の気象要素(海面気圧・平均気温,日最高気温,日最低気温,水蒸気圧,相対湿度・雲量・風速・日降水量・日照時間)の平均値, (3) 4日間の気圧配置型の組み合わせの出現回数これらによって各季節の特徴を記述した.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper the relations between T.B, hemoptysis and pressure pattern as a synthesis of meteorological elements are studied statistically. T.B. hemoptysis that is related to meteorological conditions are classified to +, - and ± types, then it is found that each type corresponds to a special kind of pressure patterns.
Further, detailed studies are made on this relationship as to summer thunder-storm and the pressure phase at a single point.

抄録全体を表示

ユーゴスラヴィアのアドリア海岸でボラが発生するための必要条件の一つとしての総観場について,その循環パターン・発生頻度を検討し,さらにボラ同様寒気の南下にともなう現象の一つである関東地方のおろしとの関連について考察した.その結果,月単位ではボラの出現頻度が高い場合,おろしの出現頻度も高いという関係は冬季明らかに認められる.また特に相関のよい1月について500mb面の循環パターンの検討により,グローバルスケールでの両者の関連を明らかにする.

抄録全体を表示

Chinese medicine (oriental medicine) is one of the oldest medicines which recognize the relationship between the organism and meteorology by applying meteorological information to the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
In order to investigate the relationhsip of the patient's complaints to meteorological factors, the authors selected a group of patients who were suffering from rheumatoid arthritis which had been recorded as a positive indication in the classical literatures of oriental medicine. The results of the present study were summarized as follows:
1. The intensity of complaints was high when the pressure pattern showed west high east low, migratory high or a low pressure trough.
2. Analysis of the variation of complaints showed that the complaints tended to increase along with migratory anticyclone.
3. The relationship between the passage pattern of migratory anticyclone and the intensity of complaints indicated that the complaints increased when the center of migratory anticyclone was located in front of Tokyo, within Tokyo or in the northeast of Tokyo.
4. Evaluation of the above findings from the standpoint of oriental medicine showed that statistically significant meteorological factors were not specific to the arthritis patients, but rather they were common in a group whose chief complaints were pain and numbness.

抄録全体を表示

Surface weather charts have been analyzed nearly for one century on a hemisphere scale. The present study tries to demonstrate characteristics of the occurrence frequency of pressure patterns in the global cold, warm, and recent variable periods, which correspond to or are responsible for anomalies in air temperature and precipitation, and to investigate the intraseasonal variations and singularities of pressure patterns over East Asia. This study defines the period from 1906 to 1920 as a cold period, that from 1936 to 1950 as a warm period, and that from 1971 to 1985 as a recent variable period. According to the classification of pressure pattern types by Yoshino (1968), a calendar of pressure patterns during the periods 1906-1920 and 1936-1940 was originally made on the basis of “Daily Synoptic Series, Historical Weather Maps, Northern Hemisphere Sea Level”. The statistics of this study are also based on the calendars for the periods 1941-1950 (Yoshino and Kai, 1974), 1971-1980 (Yoshino and Yamakawa, 1985) and 1981-1985 (original).
The results of this paper are summarized as follows : The annual frequency of the typical winter type (type W) of west high and east low does not reveal much difference between the cold and warm periods. However, in the warm period, the duration of Type W appearance is shorter, but it occurs more frequently in January than in that of the cold period. The typical summer type (Type S), south high and north low, is most distinguished in August, though it is perceptible from July, in the warm period. The temperate migratory high type (Type H) (excluding highs passing North Japan) is clearly eminent throughout the year in the warm period. Particularly in April, Type H accounts for 43% (13% more than that of the cold period); in October it forms 37% (16% more). In the warm period, singularities of Type H are recorded five times in spring and autumn seasons, respectively. The north high type (Type N), which includes migratory highs in North Japan, southern coastal lows and southern coastal fronts, appears with low frequency in the warm period. The difference in occurrence frequency of Type N between the both periods is large in spring (April, May) and autumn (Sept., Oct.). In the cold period when the onset and end of the Baiu season are quite clear, the frontal zone type, consisting of Types N and L, appears with very high frequency (about 90%) throughout the Baiu season. With regard to the typhoon type (Type T), it tends to appear more frequently in August and September of the cold period ; in October of the warm period. Type T appears less frequently in both the summer and autumn seasons of the recent variable periods. Ratios of anticyclonic singularities to cyclonicones are 43 to 57 in the cold period, 54 to 46 in the warm period and 42 to 58 in the recent variable period. In the last period there are many identical singularities with those in the warm period. Especially from mid-August (Aug. 14-18) to mid-September (Sept. 8-12), a series of common singularities-Types T, S, L, S, L and L-are recognized in this order both in the warm and recent variable periods.

抄録全体を表示

1987年, 秋田県北部でアワヨトウが多発した。糖蜜誘蛾器による調査では, 成虫は年3回の山を作る発生消長を示した。成虫100頭以上の多誘引は6月, 8月, 9月, 11月にみミられ, この成虫が多数誘引された時の上空3000m付近の気象をみると, 気温の高い南西の強風軸が北日本に進路をとっていた。
2世代目には水稲に被害がみられた。被害分布状況から水田付近の牧草地が発生源と推察され, 水稲での2世代目幼虫の生息密度は1世代目の牧草地における幼虫密度と薬剤防除時期の二つの要因が影響していた。
幼虫加害による止葉食害面積率の増加は収量減少に結びついていた。

抄録全体を表示

From the theoretical point of view, the Petterssen's method must give the same result as usual one, in which the future position of the centre of depression is determined only by the extrapolating the past and present positions, without considering pressure field. The practical differences between them result from approximate calculations of differential coefficients and the results by Petterssen's method depend on the unit of numerical differentiations. A few examples of application to the weather forecasting in Japan are given

抄録全体を表示

気圧座標系を用いた3層プリミティブ・モデルによって,大気の大規模運動に及ぼす力学的な地形効果の数値実験を行った。まず,線型理論から得られる解と比較するため,簡単な一様帯状流を与えた場合の初期値問題について調べた。その結果,比較的低い山の場合には理論から期待される定常解の値にほぼ近づくことがわかった。しかし,高い山の場合には,数値実験の結果は線型理論と異なり,山を越す流れよりも山の周囲を回るような流れが卓越し,しかもその波の振幅も比較的小さいことがわかった。
つぎに,鉛直シアーをもった一様帯状流および種々の形の山を与えた場合について調べた。その結果,冬期のヒマラヤ,ロッキーおよび夏期のヒマラヤのような状態の場合には,山の力学的効果によって風下側に定常的なが現われることが示される。一方,夏期のロッキーおよび夏冬のアンデスのような場合はそのようなは認められない。また,ここで用いた計算スキームの妥当性を確かめるため,山による重力波発生の模様,全領域の質量とエネルギーの保存性などを調べほぼ満足できる結果が得られた。

抄録全体を表示