Dangerous chemical substances and the test methods using them for clothing care studies and textile dyeing and processing studies were extracted from university home economics and life sciences textbooks. In addition, since what has been done in response to chemical risk and crisis management in university classes is not clear, we conducted a questionnaire survey concerning the reagents used in experiments in clothing care and textile dyeing and processing, the handling of the reagents, test methods, the safety standards of the experimental facilities, and hazard prevention. From the clothing care studies textbooks, dangerous chloroform and various organic solvents including carbon tetrachloride were identified as reagents commonly used. From the textile dyeing processing studies textbooks, carcinogenic benzidine-based dyes, dyes which generated aromatic series amine, sensitization-related dyes, formaldehyde with usage regulations and potassium dichromate were identified. There is no mention of usage regulations or the use of the hazardous substances in any of textile dyeing and processing studies textbooks. From the questionnaire survey it was revealed that various organic solvents, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride are used in clothing care experimental studies and benzidine-based dyes and copper sulfate are used in textile dyeing and processing experimental studies. Safety equipment is set up for approximately 60% of the experiments, while washing facilities are seldom prepared. The wearing of safety glasses and gas masks during dangerous experiments is insufficient. The disposal rate of used chemicals is 100%, the disposal rate of colored waste fluid is approximately 60%, and the treatment rate of microorganisms is almost 40%.

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Sedimentation of small particles through liquid has been widely utilized to measure easily the size of the particles. Conserning this, experiments were carried out both for the case of a single particle falling through liquids and for the case where particles constitute a dispersion system and fall through liquids, and the following are clarified : (1) Drag coefficients measured on a single particle are approximately expressed with Stokes' law for creeping flow motion. (2) With sedimentation of dispersed particles, the falling velocity is in some cases abnormally low, though the concentration of the dispersion system used is hitherto thought to be too low to induce interaction among the suspended particles. (3) The abnomally low sedimentation speed is possibly due to the interaction among the suspended particles which are surrounded with electric double layers. (4) To suppress the occurrence of the abnomally low sedimentation speed and no measure the nearly correct size of particles, it is effective to add NaCl of the order of 1 mol/1 to the water of dispersion medium.

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In this paper, a method of determing a small amount of oily soil in aqueous solution is introduced.
The outline of the procedure is as follows : A suitable volume of the sample containing oily soil equivalent to 0.52mg stearic acid is evaporated to dryness on a water bath in a porcelain evaporating dish. After the evaporating dish is dry, the residue is transferred to a micro Soxhlet extractor with filter papers (free from oily soil) and extracted with benzen. The extract is transferred to 10 to 25 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with benzen. The amount of oily soil in the extract is estimated with the monomolecular film equilibrium lens method presented by T. Tachibana and his coworkers.
With the present method, oily soil, 0.54mg stearic acid equivalent, is determined within an error range of ±5%.

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衣服の取扱いと寿命の関係を検討することを目的として, まず, 廃棄時の衣服の性能を知るために, 新品および廃品スリップの性能を比較し, 次の結果を得た.
・厚さ, 平面重の比較から, 廃品は身生地がかなり収縮していることが推定され, 張りがなくなって, 伸びやすくなっている.特にキュプラが著しい.
・ナイロンは強度が甚だ大きく, 黄ばみ・黒ずみが大きくなるまで着用され, 廃棄要因として変色が大きな影響を与えている.帯電性については帯電電圧半減期の著しく長いものもあるが帯電性そのものは廃棄理由とならない.
・キュプラは強度が小さく, 諸物性の変化が大きいために, 変色が大きくなる前に身生地がいたんで棄てられる.
・混用のものは, キュプラの混用により帯電性は改善され, 変色はナイロンと同程度まで着用されたものもある.

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Dry-rubbing tests on several dyes have been carried out and the effect of soaping on the rubfastness has been investigated from the kinetic viewpoint.
The removal process of dyes can be treated as a reversible reaction of first order. The amount of dye (x) removed from dyed fabric to white cloth after t times of rubbings can be expressed as
where A, k₁, k_-1, K and F are initial dye content on dyed fabric, the rate constant of transfer of dye from dyed fabric to white cloth, the rate constant of reverse process of k₁, equilibrium constant and a constant indicating initial condition, respectively. Values of F become small by soaping for vat or naphthol dyes and in many cases they become zero within an error range. The effects of soaping on the values of x are represented by the kinetic properties. From these kinetic considerations, it has been concluded that soaping effect on the rub-fastness for vat and naphthol dyes is different from that for reactive dyes.
Linear relations have been obtained between _??_nK and the reciprocal of weights (1/W) on the white cloth. The slopes of the straight lines for all of the dyes are roughly equal and they are invariant by soaping.
Relations between _??_nk₁ and 1/W are roughly linear and the slopes of the straight lines for vat and naphthol dyes tend to become large by soaping.

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The rate curves for fatty soil removal under various mechanical conditions were drawn on the basis of spectrophotometric measurement data taken at different temperatures. The rate constant of soil removal (κ₁) and that of the redeposition of removed soil (κ_-2) were calculated from rate curves using the rate equation of fatty soil removal developed in the previous paper. The activation energy for removal (E_a) for each mechanical conditions was determined from Arrhenius plots of the rate constants. It was consequently found that with an increase in the mechanical force (rotation of stirrer), the activation energy, E_a, decreased and the detergency is enhanced. Further, the relationship between detergency, F_m, and mechanical force, M, above the temperature for liquid crystal formation in a ternary system, was determined as follows :
Fm=Cexp (-E_m⁰/aM) (1)
where C and a are constants and E_m⁰ is the activation energy related to the contribution of mechanical force. This equation is actually an Arrhenius equation expressing change in detergency as a function of mechanical energy. At a temperature above that for liquid crystal formation, the mechanical force in removal may possibly bring about an increase in the heat energy of the system in a manner similar to that by which rise in temperature causes such an increase.

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理科及び家庭科(自然化学分野)などの自然科学系の学習では, 学校知と生活知をつなげるための実践が重要視されている。基礎・基本から応用までを含めた系統的な総合的な学習は, 児童・生徒の思考力, 判断力及び応用能力の育成を図ることができよう。本研究では, ガスビュレットの教材化の一つとして, 次亜塩素酸ナトリウム並びに市販塩素系漂泊剤の化学反応に伴って発生する酸素量を測定し, これらのデータを基に, 総合的な学習への応用を検討した。

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To examine the transmission of ultraviolet (UV) ray through various fabrics and to clarify its mechanism, the UV transmission and reflection spectra were measured for various kinds of fabrics and the results were compared with those for the films composed of the same polymers. The UV transmittance for films followed the Lambert-Beer law while that for fabrics followed the Kubelka theory, suggesting that the UV transmission through fabrics was influenced not only by absorption but also by scattering. Using the Kubelka theory, the absorption and scattering coefficients of fabrics could be determined separately. It was found that the UV transmission of fabrics largely depended on the absorption of component fibers, although the contribution of scattering were not negligible. A modified Kubelka theory was proposed which was useful in facile determination of the scattering and absorption coefficients.

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