全国の市町村で立地適正化計画の策定が進んでいるが、国の方針では都市圏における広域連携も期待されている。本稿では基礎的な分析として、計画文書から都市機能に関わる連携・分担の状況と、広域連携施策との関係について全体的な動向を把握した。分析対象とした160市町の立地適正化計画においては、50市町で連携の意思が示されているが、具体的な圏域において具体的な機能分担を記述している市町は16市町であった。連携中枢都市圏・定住自立圏においては土地利用分野での取り組みは少ないが、広域連携の経験に基づく機能分担に取り組む自治体もみられた。また、広域調整における都道府県および都市計画区域マスタープランの重要性も示唆された。

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 This research investigates on the "burden rate" of elderly pedestrians in street environments. We have focused and studied up on the presence of the rollator in conducting this research.
 The follow-up survey was done to clarify the specific obstacles and conditions that elderly pedestrians encounter as they walk in the streets using their rollator. As the result, following conditions were found. [Viewing angle narrows down as they lean forward to balance one self.] [Hands are unavailable as they walk] [Walking speed decelerates at an upward slope.] [They must lift the front wheels to pass through a low step.] [They must carry the rollator at a high step.] Accordingly, we have extracted [Upward step] [Downward step] [Upward slope][Downward slope] [Crossing slope][Obstacle] [Roughness on the ground] as the obstacles of elderly pedestrians who use rollators.
 The walk experiment and questionnaire results have allowed us to perceive each obstacles' feature based on the relation among speed rate, pulse rate and the utterance during the questionnaire. The results has proven that the rollator has caused higher "burden rate" than walking without it. Moreover, obstacles has also distracted the participants to balance at the crossings, slopes and steps. However, it is undeniable that the results were affected by the experimental conditions such as the fact that all research participants were to use the rollator for the first time.
 The walk experiment and questionnaire results show that the steps has made the research participants feel concerned as the rollator gets caught by steps and force the participants to carry the rollator in the air. In the slopes, burden rate becomes much higher. Moreover, the participants felt “danger” and “fear” as they walk on crossing slope, upward slope and downward slope.
 We made it clear from multivariate logistic regression that the burden of walking without rollator is caused by surrounding environment, such as street type and traffic volume. On the other hand, the burden caused by walking using the rollator are mostly obstacles, such as downward slope, crossing slope and step and surrounding environment.
 We made it clear the physical condition of a person and the burden rate are interrelated. Research has also proven that the rollator functions effectively for the person who has low physical level. However, the lower their physical level, the more they feel the burden by obstacles.

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 River improvement works in the Kanto Plain have long history of over 400 years. Rice-paddy development in the Kanto Plain was significantly delayed compared to that in other plains including the Osaka Plain and the Nobi Plain. This was because of the difficulty in constructing an irrigation and drainage network, and protecting rice paddies from inundation. Therefore, the Tokugawa government started river improvement works in the Kanto Plain just after Tokugawa settled in Edo in 1590, and the works continue now. The flow of the Tone River into Tokyo Bay was originally blocked by uplands, but was finally rerouted to Choshi, 90 km east to the original mouth. The Ara River was also rerouted to the south. The purpose of rerouting was not only to reduce the risk of flooding in Edo city, but also to develop a waterway network for rice paddies to expand in the central Plain. Moreover, rerouting and connecting the Tone River with the Edo River enhanced the inland waterway transportation network of the Kanto Plain. Accordingly, a number of riverside towns, or Kashi, grew as nodes of the network. Small sailing ships and flatboats were the major conveyors of products. During the Meiji era, which followed the Edo period, canals were constructed and steamboats were introduced to replace sailing ships, at a time when water transportation was peaking. The inland waterway soon began to be replaced by present-day economic transportation systems such as rail and road.
 The central Kanto Plain was featured consistently by a subsiding basin through the Quaternary. Although the entire Plain was uplifted, Tokyo Bay, at the center of the Kanto Plain, sank over 1000 m. In contrast, the outer margin of the plain was uplifted 50 to 1000 m. Choshi, at the mouth of the present Tone River, is in the uplifted area. In contrast, the lower reaches of the River are at the northern extent of the subsiding basin. This is the reason why back swamp lakes or an estuary such as Kasumiga-ura and the ancient Katori-no-umi were formed in the area.
 Such crustal movements in the Kanto Plain continued throughout the Quaternary. Hydration and dehydration of two plates lying beneath this region were the driving force. Hydration of mantle peridotite underneath the Kanto Plain due to dehydration of the underlying Philippine Sea Plate (PHS plate), subducting from south to north 30-60 km deep (2 cm/year), causes volumetric expansion particularly at the marginal zone of the overlying plate (North American (NA) Plate). Serpentinized peridotite, produced above the Pacific Plate (PAC plate), which subducts from east to west under the PHS and NA plates, expands like popcorn and results in uplifting of the Boso Peninsular (non-volcanic outer arc) . In contrast, the sinking of the Tokyo Bay area is explained by the overlapping of the fore arc basin towards the PHS and PAC plates. From the viewpoint of tectonics, the sinking belt including Tokyo Bay is in a physical field where a sedimentary basin formed under tensile stress in the NE-SW direction. Small mantle convection caused by serpentinization of the uppermost mantle beneath the fore arc is the key to understanding the tectonic setting of the Kanto Plain.

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