二明治19年12月25日の府告示により成立する円山公園は, 八坂神社, 安養寺, 長楽寺, 双林寺の各境内地の上地にその端を発している. 社寺境内地処分は, 地組改正を念頭においた近代的土地所有制の確立とも関連する政策である. 本稿では社寺境内地の解体解程で, 円山公園が誕生する具体的な経緯を論じた. 特に円山公園成立前にその一部が名区であったこと, また社寺境内外区画の決定の際に名所地が設置されていたことは新しい知見である.

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A physician by training, Akashi Hiroakira (1839-1910, pseudonym Seiran) was a pioneer of Kyoto modernization. While working as a bureaucrat in Kyoto Prefecture in the early Meiji period, he spearheaded the establishment of the Kyoto Seimikyoku 舎密局 (Kyoto Chemical Bureau) and the Kyoto Ryōbyō-in 療病院 (Kyoto Hospital). The first published biography of Akashi was A Short Biography of Seiran Ō Akashi Hiroakira 静瀾翁明石 博高略伝 (1916, private edition) written by his son, Akashi Atsuaki. Later, Atsuaki provided a series of Wagener’s chemical lectures at the Seimikyoku, which had been compiled by his father Hiroakira, for use in the Biography of Dr. Gottfried Wagener, edited by Ueda Toyokitsu (Hakurankai Shuppan Kyōkai, 1925).

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Problems of local control by the central government in the early stage of the Meiji Period still remain unclear. This paper discusses a period from the establishment of the Meiji government to the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures to elucidate details of local government and relations between problems of local rule and the political process of the new government. Firstly, this paper specifically covers matters which have been rarely discussed, such as functions of the Ministry of Home Affairs (民部官) and the role of the Deputy Minister for Home Affairs, Saneomi Hirosawa (広沢真臣), and describes how government agencies for local rule were set up in the initial stage of the Meiji Period, and other particular aspects of the agencies. The ministry's measures for ruling prefectures derived from an idea of Saneomi Hirosawa, who strove to establish a prefectural government in Kyoto. In explaining the character of these measures, this paper makes it clear that the measures included enlightened spects while promoting centralized rule. As examples, the ministry's establishment of prefectural assemblies and its administrative inspectors sent to local governments are cited. Secondly, this paper describes difficulties in local rule by the new government under pressure from Europe and the United States and intra-government conflicts over local rule. It is pointed out that Saneomi Hirosawa's idea played an important role in the separation, especially the separation of the Home Affairs Ministry from the Finance Ministry in July 1870. Furthermore, it is explain that behind separation there were intra-governmental conflicts over local rule and criticism by local administrators against the two ministries. Thirdly, this paper touches upon the role that problems of local rule played in the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures in 1871, and other reforms before and after that. It explains that Toshimichi Okubo (大久保利通), who took the initiative in the 1871 reforms, intended to curb the considerable influence of the Finance Ministry for a stable Government while strengthening the authority of the Imperial Court. The basic political course of the new Meiji government was centralization under financial pressure. Based on the analysis in this paper, however, I believe the government's internal confusion, caused by problems of local rule and subsequent reforms of government agencies, characterize the new Meiji regime during its process of establishment.

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従来、明治行政訴訟制度の研究については、個々の時代において行政訴訟制度がどのような役割であったのかについて論じた研究が幾つか存在した。本論においては、これらの従前の研究史を考慮の上、法令を重視しつつ、この明治行政訴訟制度の成立過程とこれに関係する周辺事項を中心に論考するものである。そして、明治行政訴訟制度の所管権限が、明治政府によって、司法裁判所からどのような変遷過程を経て分離され、最終的には行政裁判所の設置と共にその管轄に組み込まれていったのかを、行政権の権限集中化の観点から考察したものである。明治行政訴訟制度は、そもそも、江藤の司法改革の一環として発足したものであった。そのため、司法権(明治初期段階では司法省と司法裁判所が未分離の状態)が当初目指した行政訴訟制度の発足の趣旨は、人民救済の観点が強いものであった。ここに、わが国で初めての行政訴訟事件となった、所謂、小野組転籍事件が発生し、京都裁判所の所管から司法省臨時裁判所へ法廷が移され、明治六年の政変もあって、国家的事件に発展して行く。しかし、京都府の責任者であった槇村らの拘留が特命により解かれることで終局を迎えた。本事件の影響は大きく翌年の明治七年には司法省第二四号が布達され、行政裁判の事項は司法裁判所がこれを所管することが公に認められたものの、行政訴訟事件が司法裁判所に提訴された場合には、司法省を通じて太政官の正院に具上申稟することが義務付けられたのである。その後、全国的に行政訴訟事件が急増したことに伴い、明治一一年に明治政府は、行政処分願訴規則案を元老院に上程することとなった。しかし、この規則案の立法趣旨が行政訴訟を否定したものであり、行政官庁に人民が歎願するという形式のみを許すという前近代的なものであったため、元老院の反対によって廃案に至った。その後、明治政府は、新たな法律・勅令・太政官布告・司法省布達等の立法を順次制定することによって、司法裁判所の管轄である行政訴訟の裁判権に深く関与して行くのであった。やがて、明治政府は、その補助機関である法制局等を設置することにより、専門的に行政訴訟事件に対処して行く体制を整備した。その後、帝国憲法及び市制町村制が制定されることにより、明治政府は、明治二三年に行政裁判法を制定し、行政裁判所の設置を達成したのであった。ここに、明治政府は、司法権の行政権に対する牽制を排除することに成功したのである。また、行政裁判法の姉妹法である訴願法が同年に制定されたが、これら行政訴訟関係法令は、訴訟事項に列記主義を導入していたため、人民にとって、極めて権利救済の機会を抑止されたものとなった。本論では、この明治政府による小野組転籍事件以来の首尾一貫した行政権の権限裁量の確保を主眼とする明治国家体制が如何に行政権優位の体制であったのかを関係法令を通じて明らかにしようとするものである。

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This aim of this article is to clarify the purpose and enactment process of the three pieces of legislation (Sanshinpo 三新法) passed in 1878, which comprised the first attempt in modern Japan to institutionally integrate local governance, focusing on the ideas of Matsuda Michiyuki, the policymaker of the Ministry of Interior, who was deeply involved in the enactment of the legislation. The research done to date on this legislation has focused attention on its simultaneous respect for tradition and introduction of innovative institutions, while attempting to link it to the civil unrest threatening the government since 1876 in the form of local peasant uprisings. However, due to a serious dearth of source materials, the purpose of enacting the legislation has yet to be clarified. Here the author turns to the papers of Matsuda Michiyuki in an attempt to shed light on Matsuda's career as a local administrator, during which he formed the ideas that became the basis of the 1878 legislation, and to clarify exactly how those ideas influenced the enactment of the legislation after Matsuda entered the Ministry of Interior. The author's findings are as follows. 1) During his career as a local administrator Matsuda aimed at the establishment of a constitutional government in which the bureaucracy and the people held rights and responsibilities autonomously, in accordance with the vision contained in the founding documents (seitaisho 政体書) of the Meiji Government. Then during his governorship of Shiga Prefecture, Matsuda attempted to articulate the idea of local governance consisting of two proposals for institutional reform-one suited to the status quo and one purely idealistic-based on the organizational principle of national interest and the Western idea of public and private law. 2) After entering the Ministry of Interior, it became clear that such an idea of local governance clashed with that of the Legislative Bureau, forcing Matsuda to bring his idea in line with the Bureau with the help of British legal institutions. 3) While this revised concept did become the government's legislative proposal, its definition of "administration" was seen to suffer from ambiguity. However, since the Bureau wanted the broadest discretion possible regarding "administrative" affairs, such ambiguity could not be resolved, resulting in the new legislation becoming complicated with characteristics of both Matsuda's and the Bureau's ideas.

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Through the Boshin (_??__??_) War of 1868, the Meiji Government tried to defeat the remaining Shogunate powers by the military force, and to build up a new centralized State of the Emperor's rule with the 8th Century Ritsuryo(_??__??_). The mobilization of military powers took the form of dispatching the Chinbushi (Suppressor), and resulted in the forming of the judicial court which actually was none other than the suppressor's office combined with the civil administration, and further in the establishment of Fu (_??_) as one of the three new administrative district divisions of Fu (_??_), Han (_??_), and Ken (_??_).
Hakodate-Fu (Prefectural Government at the District of Hakodate) was established as an executive organization of civil administration for the development of Ezochi (or Hokkaido). But when it was captured by the remaining Shogunate naval force, the Meiji Government mobilized the military power of the Aomoriguchi Suppressor, and succeeded in uniting and strengthening the military powers of the new Government at the district of Hakodate by the decisive victory of the Boshin War.
In order to clarify the historical significance of the establishment of the Hakodate-Fu prefectural government, the present author has studied the Shimizudani Kinkô Monjo (or the Diary and Notes of Mr. Kinkô Shimizudani, who was the prefectural governor of Hakodate-Fu) (in the National Diet Library, at the branch of the documents of Constitutional Government), and discussed the process from the Ansei period to the new Meiji Era, around the years 1854-1869.

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