Japanese pear trees infested with the pear leaf miner began to shed leaves late in August while in an uninfested orchard leaf fall began late in September. The following relationships were detected between cumulative density of leaf miners (N₂ for the 1st to 2nd generations; N₃ for the 1st to 3rd generations) and the period (D₅₀) from August 15 to the date of 50% leaf fall : log D₅₀=1.885-0.285 log(N₂+1) r²=0.66 log D₅₀=1.893-0.172 log(N₃+1) r²=0.82 Net photosynthesis was negatively correlated with cumulative density late in August. Tolerable pest densities were determined to be 0.5 and 1.0 per leaf for N₂ and N₃, respectively.

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Epilepsy treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is usually requires for many years. Q

is an innovative antiepileptic chemical. It exerts effective antiepileptic effect against various epilepsy models. Exploring the gene transcriptomic profile of long-term treatment of Q is necessary. In the present study, hippocampus RNA-sequencing was performed to reveal the transcriptome profile of rats before and after treatment of Q for 28 d. Results confirmed 51 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Q and healthy control groups. Gene cluster analysis showed that most upregulated DEGs linked to response to drug and nucleus, most downregulated DEGs linked to locomotory, neuronal cell body, and drug binding. Most of DEGs were enriched in the signaling transduction, substance dependence, nervous system, and neurodegenerative disease pathways. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that Q significantly increased the expression of neuroprotective genes, such as Mdk, and decreased the mRNA levels of Penk, Drd1, and Adora2a, which are highly expressed in epilepsy models. In addition, Q decreased the mRNA expression of Pde10A and Drd2, which are known to be closely associated with schizophrenia. Our study may provide a theoretical basis to explore the effect of Q on the susceptibility to epilepsy and other neurological diseases.

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嫌気的呼吸説によると, 貝殻成長線の周期的形成は, 閉殻時の嫌気的呼吸下では貝殻表面の脱灰がおこり, あとに残された有機物が成長線として見えると説明されている。しかしながら貝殻の外層の薄片をブノールフェノールで染色すると, 成長線部分は染まらず, いわゆる成長線は富有機物層ではないという疑問をもった。Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne)を用い, 貝殻中の炭酸カルシウムを完全に除去し, 有機物層の微細構造をみると, プリズムをつつむ"interprismatic membrane"と, それと直交する"organic membrane of the growth increment"の二種類の有機物層が認められた。同一個体の標本を用いて完全脱灰標本の電顕像とエッチング像を比較すると, この二種類の有機物層は, いわゆる成長線部分とは対応せず, ブノールフェノール染色法の濃染層および有機物除去脱灰法の凹みによく対応した。一方成長線部分は, 完全脱灰標本ではinterprismatic membraneの薄く粗になった部分に対応し, organic membrane of the growth incrementはその成長線部分の直前に多く出現する傾向を示した。

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In the present study, binding affinities of 5-hydroxytryptamine-4 (5-HT₄) ligands for the human 5-HT_4d receptor were determined using the agonist [³H]5-HT and the selective 5-HT₄ antagonist [³H]GR113,. We also compared the affinity differences between [³H]5-HT binding (K_H) and [³H]GR113, binding (K_L) with their activities as 5-HT₄ ligands. Binding studies using [³H]5-HT revealed that the human 5-HT_4d receptor has two binding sites, whereas [³H]GR113, yielded a single binding site. Additionally, the number of [³H]5-HT binding sites decreased in the presence of guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS), but the number of [³H]GR113, sites did not change. In competitive binding assays, full agonists such as 5-methoxytryptamine and tegaserod showed 2- to 8-fold higher affinities for [³H]5-HT binding (K_H) than for [³H]GR113, binding (K_L) (K_H<K_L). Conversely, antagonists showed lower affinities for [³H]5-HT binding than for [³H]GR113, binding (K_H>K_L). Finally, partial agonists displayed similar binding affinities for both radioligands (K_H = K_L). These findings suggest that the equilibrium between active and inactive states of the human 5-HT_4d receptor relies on the functional activities of 5-HT₄ ligands, and these states affect the affinities of 5-HT₄ ligands in the competitive binding assay.

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In this paper, we propose the manipulation and cell injection of the fluorescence microsensor using multiple wavelength lights. The sensor made of 1 μm polystyrene particle containing Rhodamine B and infrared (IR:

nm) absorbing dye. The polystyrene particle can be manipulated by 1064 nm in water since the refractive index of the polystyrene is 1.6 (refractive index of water: 1.3). Rhodamine B is temperature sensitive fluorescence dye (emission wavelength: 560 nm). IR absorbing dye absorbs nm light but don’t absorb 1064 nm laser. Transport of the fluorescence microsensor with optical tweezers by 1064 nm laser. After transport to the membrane of target cell, the fluorescence microsensor is heated by nm and injected into the cell. Temperature increase at nm (40 mW) illumination was approximately 27℃ for 60 seconds. We demonstrate manipulation and injection of the microsensor to the MDCK cell using wavelength-specific laser heating. From these results, we confirmed the effectiveness of our proposed method using multiple wavelength lights.

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Back-arc basin basalts from the Shikoku Basin were recovered at DSDP Leg 58 Sites 442-444 and ODP Leg 131 Site

. The geochemistry of these volcanic rocks was initially reported soon after their recovery (from the 1980s to the early 1990s), and therefore many of these data suffered from limits of accuracy inherent in data at the time. We reanalyzed archived samples of Sites 442-444 and using recent analytical techniques of XRF and ICP-MS and reported these highly accurate results herein.

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Background and aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bleaching efficiency of two different lasers (KTP and diode 810 nm) on teeth, randomly divided by means an Excel function (Microsoft Excel 2010 “Fx causale”) and stored in physiological solution, that were previously stained with different substances commonly considered as a cause of tooth discoloration, such as coffee, tea and red fruits and to investigate the role of laser irradiation in an experimental model, during the dental bleaching process.
Methods: Three groups of 45 bovine teeth were created and immersed for one week in a solution of tea, coffee or red fruits respectively. Each group was divided into three sub-groups of fifteen teeth. One was bleached with a 30% hydrogen peroxide gel for 30 min only as control, another 15 teeth group was bleached with the gel plus 810 nm diode laser irradiation and the last group was bleached with the gel plus KTP irradiation. The lasers were applied in three cycles of 30 sec each with a power of 1.5 W localized on a 10 mm spot on the teeth. The temperature of the gel was checked during the bleaching procedure using a thermometer and the colour of each tooth was measured by a spectrophotometer.
Results: Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using Graph Pad Prism, version 6.01 software, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison test and Mann-Whitney test. P value <0.0001 was considered extremely significant (***), P value between 0.001 to 0.01 very significant (**), P value between 0.01 to 0.05 significant (*) and P value >0.05 not significant (ns). By these tests diode laser was effective only at bleaching teeth stained with coffee meanwhile the KTP laser was efficient at bleaching teeth with coffee, tea and red fruits stains.
Conclusion: This study suggests that a relation between the laser wavelength and the type of staining on the dental enamel and the efficacy of the whitening treatment exists.

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1980年1月に下水からシュミットプール血清で中和できないウイルス (N株) を. FL細胞で分離した. このウイルスの理化学的性状は, エンテロウイルスの性状を示したので, 各エンテロウイルスの抗血清による分離株の中和試験を, また, 分離株の抗血清による, 細胞で分離可能なエンテロウイルスの中和試験を行ったが, 結果はすべて陰性であった. エンテロウイルスの中でも. コクサッキーウイルスA群は細胞での増殖が困難な株が多い. そこで, 市販の抗コクサッキーウイルスA群血清を用いて, ELISA法による同定を試みるとともに, 他のエンテロウイルスの抗血清についてもELISA法で確認試験を行ったところ, 抗コクサッキーウイルスA群17型血清についてのみ高いELISA値を示した. また, コクサッキーウイルスA群17型の標準株 (G-12株) との交差中和試験の結果, 抗原性の一部は異なるものの, 双方で中和可能であることから分離株はコクサッキーウイルスA群17型と同定した. 以上のことより. 中和試験で同定が困難な分離株でも, ELISA法を用いることにより同定が可能になった. なお, 分離株は, 乳のみマウスに対して病原性を示さなかった. また. 200名の名古屋市民の血中抗体価は陰性の範囲であることから, 分離株の過去における流行はないと推定された.

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Positive behavioral improvement has been observed following transcranial near-infrared light therapy in humans with chronic traumatic brain injury and acute stroke. We first examined the effect of nm laser diode irradiation on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in mice. An nm CW diode laser was applied to the hemisphere transcranially. Transcranial near-infrared laser irradiation increased rCBF by 30% compared to control value in mice. Near-infrared laser irradiation also provoked a significant increase in cerebral nitric oxide concentration. In the clinical setting, transcranial near-infrared lightemitting diode irradiation to the forehead in a patient with persistent vegetative state following head injury was done. rCBF showed focal increase of 20%, compared to the pre-treatment value. The patient showed some improvement in his neurological condition after light-emitting diode therapy. Transcranial near-infrared irradiation might increase rCBF with some improvement of neurological condition in patients. Further study is warranted.

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The ion-sulphonitriding of SCM440 steel was studied by using ammonium sulphide as a sulphonitriding reagent. The experiments were performed over the temperature range from to 888 K in a gas mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and resolved ammonium sulphide atmosphere. From the microscopic examinations it was found that the sulphonitrided compound layer consisted of a black, porous layer and a white layer formed on the surface of the specimen. The phase compositions of the sulphonitrided layer obtained by heat treatment at and 858 K were found to be FeS, ε-Fe_2-3N, while those obtained at 858 K were FeS, ε-Fe_2-3N and γ′-Fe₄N by X-ray diffraction. Microhardness measurements on the cross-section of the ion-sulphonitrided specimen showed that the microhardness of the compound layer was HV 600∼700 on the surface, and HV 900∼1000 on the inner part of the layer, and it was considered that the microhardness of the layer had an increasing tendency from the surface toward the inner part of the layer.

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Background and Aims: It has been reported that low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) can influence muscle tissue by retarding attenuation of muscle tension. Since the efficacy of LLLI on the effects of muscle contraction remains unclear, we examined in an in vivo animal model whether LLLI affects both muscle tension and muscle hardness in a wavelength-dependent manner, using the rat gastrocnemius muscle.
Material and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley adult rats were used. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, their gastrocnemius muscle and tibial nerve were exteriorized. Diode LLLI systems delivering 3 wavelengths (405, 532, and nm; 100 mW output) were used. Ten sets of tetanus (tetanic contractions) were delivered to the tibial nerve followed by a brief rest or LLLI for 15 s and an additional 7 sets of tetanus with an inter-stimulus interval of 5 min. The muscle tension and muscle hardness were measured with a tension transducer and hardness meter, respectively.
Results: 405 nm LLLI did not influence either muscle tension or hardness. 532 nm LLLI significantly improved the maintenance of muscle tension compared with the nm group (P‹0.05). In contrast, nm LLLI significantly improved the recovery from muscle hardness compared with the other groups (P‹0.05).
Conclusion: We conclude that LLLI has wavelength-dependent effects on the gastrocnemius muscle and LLLI at appropriate wavelengths and dosimetry offers potential in the treatment to relieve muscle tension or stiffness.

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A clinico-statistical observation was carried out on patients, who underwent orthognathic surgery between 1982 and 2001 at First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University Hospital.
The results were as follows: 1. The number of patients with jaw deformity has increased in recent years. The total number of patients was cases, about 60% of the total number of inpatients.
2. The patients were 242 males and 566 females, and the ratio of males to females was about 1: 2.3.
3. The age of patients who underwent surgery ranged from 14 to 48 years, with a mean of 21-25 years.
4. Mandibular prognathism was the most predominant diagnosis (83%).
5. Sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy (SSRO) was performed on most cases (86%).
6. The average operation time and blood loss in SSRO were 2 hr and 38 min, and 158 ml, respectively. And those in Le Fort I osteotomy and SSRO were 4 hr and 27 min, and 405ml, respectively.

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Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, a soil-borne disease and one of the most important maladies of potato and other Solanaceae crops. We analyzed the resistance of a potato clone to bacterial wilt by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. A resistant diploid potato clone 10-03-30 was crossed with a susceptible diploid clone F₁-1 to generate a diploid, two-way pseudo-testcross F₁ population comprised of 94 genotypes. Dense linkage maps, containing 4,139 single nucleotide polymorphism markers with an average distance of 0.6 and 0.3 cM between markers, were constructed for both parents. The resistance level was evaluated by in vitro inoculation test with R. solanacearum (phylotype I/biovar 4/race 1). Five QTLs (qBWR-1 to -5) were identified on potato chromosomes 1, 3, 7, 10, and 11, and they explained 9.3–18.4% of the phenotypic variance. The resistant parent had resistant alleles in qBWR-2, qBWR-3, and qBWR-4 and susceptible alleles in qBWR-1 and qBWR-5. Accumulation of the resistant alleles in all five QTLs increased the level of resistance compared with that of the resistant parent. This is the first study to identify novel QTLs for bacterial wilt resistance in potato by using genome-wide markers.

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3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydrolase deficiency (HIBCHD; MIM: #250620) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in the HIBCH enzyme, resulting in a deficiency of the conversion of 3-hydroxy-isobutyryl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-isobutyric acid, a critical step in valine catabolism. This neurodegenerative disease of infancy is associated with hypotonia, developmental delay, cerebral atrophy and lesions in the basal ganglia on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we describe two unrelated patients with infantile-onset progressive neurodegenerative disease and mutations in HIBCH identified using whole exome sequencing (WES). In Case 1, WES revealed a novel homozygous variant in the HIBCH gene: c.

A>G (p.Ser270Gly). In Case 2, a novel compound heterozygous mutation in the HIBCH gene is described: c.A>G (p.Ser270Gly) and c.173A>G (p. Asn58Ser). Parent analysis revealed that c.A>G (p.Ser270Gly) was inherited from the father and c.173A>G (p. Asn58Ser) from the mother. These novel mutations were predicted as a disease-causing mutation. Plasma acylcarnitine analysis was normal in both patients. Physical examination showed similar features, such as axial hypotonia and spastic hypertonia in the legs. The first patient presented with difficult-to-treat seizures, while the second patient has not yet experienced documented seizures. In conclusion, our findings would widen the mutation spectrum of HIBCH deficiency and the phenotypic spectrum of the disease. The potential genotype–phenotype correlation would be profitable for the correct diagnosis, treatment and integral management of patients with HIBCH deficiency.

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