The objective of this paper is to characterize innovation in business-to-business (B2) services in Korea and to identify user involvement in service innovation. The paper examines the characteristics of B2 carrier services, and aims to find out what type of service innovations pervade the whole B2 carrier services. The results were validated in the case study of Mobile Campus of two universities: UNIST and POSTECH. Mobile Campus is the B2 carrier service which provides universities various smartphone-based mobile solutions. An analysis of 236 B2 carrier service products through statistical techniques was done to characterize B2 carrier services. As a result, service products were grouped into seven types (data-centric informative, ordinary task support, IT Governance, cloud, multi-channel communication, security support and other mobile solution services) based on service characteristics. The service groups were again distinguished into three categories: incremental, radical and semi-radical service innovations. In the case of Mobile Campus, innovation occurred at the user-provider interface. As service users, universities played an important role in service design and implementation, being able to customize them for their particular needs and preferences.

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A simple and precise method was established for the simultaneous determination of five selected marker components in the kampo (Chinese herbal medicine) extract preparation “Heii-San” using high-performance liquid chromatography with tetra-n-amylammonium bromide (TAA) as an ion-pair reagent.
The most efficient extraction of the five components in Heii-San was made by treating the material with 50% methanol as an extraction solvent with stirring for 15 min at room temperature. For the separation of the components, hesperidin, 6-gingerol, honokiol, glycyrrhizin and magnolol, an ODS column was used with multi-step gradient elution with 10 mM TAA (H₃PO₄, pH 4.0)-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The acetonitrile content was linearly increased from 25% to 90%. The five main components were eluted within 50 min without interference from coexisting components. The results reveal that the content of the main components, with the exception of hesperidin in the kampo extract preparation was higher than that in oriental pharmaceutical decoctions previously reported.

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Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the separation and detection of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and other miscellaneous antibiotics. The reverse phase approach is superior to ion-exchange liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric, chemical and microbiological procedures currently in use. In addition to being simple and easy to control, the technique is rapid, convenient and precise and provides the basis for the direct analysis of pure compounds, stability samples, complex mixtures and dosage forms of all types. Preparative chromatography has been used in our laboratory for the separation and isolation of up to 500mg of antibiotics. Using this approach, we have separated and isolated small impurities as well as pure reference compounds. The methodology reported here can be extensively applied to the separation, quantitation and isolation of both naturally occurring and synthetically produced antibiotics in a variety of media including physiological fluids.

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Hydraulic drives are widely found in industrial manufacturing, energy power plants and other important application domains, due to their high power density and robustness. However, one major problem facing modern hydraulic drives is their considerably lower efficiency compared to other drives. Switched hydraulic systems present a possible solution to this challenge. By using a number of different operating modes, these systems can adapt themselves to current load conditions, thereby maximizing efficiency. Despite their great energy-saving potential, care must be taken when using such systems due to the possibility of unstable mode switching and non-smooth physical behavior not desired by operators. This paper reviews recent theoretical and practical developments in the category of switched hydraulics by specifically discussing an innovative design for mobile applications called STEAM.

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  Giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) is fabricated by electromechanical transformation with large magnetostriction and an electro-mechanical coupling factor. Therefore, GMM can be use to make a giant magnetostrictive actuator. However, because the thermal expansion (linear expansion) coefficient of GMM is 12 ppm/°C, expansion and contraction due to temperature change influences the stroke. This paper describes the consideration of thermal expansion compensation for the GMA, and presents: (1) the features of GMM and the principles of operation of GMA, (2) the results of thermal expansion measurements of GMA, and (3) thermal expansion compensation for the tandem structure.

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Reduced imine cage (RCC3) was first adopted for the preparation of porous organic cage embedded C18 amide silica stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. The prepared stationary phase was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FT-IR). Its chromatographic performance under reversed-phase mode was investigated in detail and compared with that of an ODS column. Multiple interactions, including hydrophobic interaction, π-π interactions, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding, were involved due to the synergism of the C18 chain and RCC3. The column showed typical methylene selectivity and enhanced aromatic selectivity for nonpolar analytes while demonstrating high selectivity for polar analytes. In addition, the stationary phase showed the capability of separation of polar and hydrophilic compounds under per aqueous liquid chromatography mode (PALC), providing a green and economical way for the separation of polar and hydrophilic compounds. These results indicated the great application potential of the prepared stationary phase in the analysis of complex samples.

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Urinary metabolites of 2, 4-dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after administration to male Wistar rats. The urine was extracted with ether after adjusting the pH to 11 and 2. The ether extracts were evaporated to dryness, and each residue was dissolved in aqueous methanol and subjected to HPLC analysis. A 54 μl portion of aqueous methanol solution was analyzed by HPLC on a reversed-phase column. The mobile phases were 40% methanol, 40% methanol in 0.0018 M tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (TBACl), 20% methanol in 0.0018 M TBACl, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and 20% methanol in 0.0027 M sodium 1-hexanesulfonate (HSANa), pH 3.7 acetate buffer, at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic acid (2, 4-DNBA) was excreted most abundantly, followed by 2, 4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol glucuronide (2, 4-DNBG), 2-amino-4-acetylaminobenzoic acid (2A4AABA), 2, 4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (2, 4-DNB), 4-amino-2-nitro (2-amino-4-nitro) benzyl alcohol glucuronides (4A2N (2A4N) BG), 4-amino-2-nitro (2-amino-4-nitro) benzyl alcohols (4A2N (2A4N) B) and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4A2NT). Though 2, 4-dinitrobenzaldehyde (2, 4-DNAl), a potent mutagen, was not detected in this study, the oxidative conversion of 2, 4-DNB to 2, 4-DNBA in vivo might be correlated to the carcinogenicity of 2, 4-DNT, since 2, 4-DNBA are the major metabolites of 2, 4-DNT.

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  The tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib was examined for its inhibition of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in human liver microsomes and in human CYPs expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system. Nilotinib demonstrated preferential inhibition of CYP2C8-mediated paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation, rosiglitazone hydroxylation and amodiaquine N-deethylation in human liver microsomes, with IC₅₀ values of 0.4, 7.5 and 0.7 µM, respectively. The IC₅₀ value of nilotinib for paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation was 20-fold lower than that of the other five tyrosine-kinase inhibitors tested. Nilotinib appears to display competitive inhibition against paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation and amodiaquine N-deethylation, with estimated mean K_i values of 0.90 and 0.15 µM in human liver microsomes and 0.10 and 0.61 µM in recombinant human CYP2C8, respectively. These results are consistent with those of molecular docking simulations, where paclitaxel could not access the CYP2C8 catalytic site in the presence of nilotinib, but the binding of midazolam, a substrate of CYP3A4, to the catalytic site of CYP3A4 was not affected by nilotinib. The demonstrated inhibitory activity of nilotinib against CYP2C8 at concentrations less than those observed in patients who received nilotinib therapy is of potential clinical relevance and further in vivo exploration is warranted.

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In the head-disk interface (HDI) of a hard disk drive (HDD), the effects of lubricant deformation on the flying characteristics of a head slider increase as the flying height decreases. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the deformation and flow characteristics of lubricant on a recording disk. In particular, in heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), laser heating of the lubricant induces surface tension distribution and evaporation of lubricant, which may cause deformation of the lubricant film. In this paper, flow characteristics of liquid nano-film of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) film on solid substrate is investigated experimentally. Using the modified Boltzmann-Matano method, diffusion coefficients of liquid nano-step are calculated. In addition, thicknesses of mobile layer and bonded layer of PFPE are measured.

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The aim of this paper is to improve an understanding of physical processes involved in sediment transport mechanisms and bedform evolution in a two stage meandering channel. In this study, a laboratory flume was used since it is difficult to observe bedforms and to obtain sediment transport rates in natural rivers during flood. A series of experiments were conducted to measure stage-discharge data, sediment transport rates, and bedforms in a meandering channel with different roughened floodplains for overbank flows. Detailed measurements have shown that the bedforms considerably vary with different water depths and floodplain roughness. The sediment transport rate increases while the flow is inbank, and once the flow is overbank, it starts decreasing till at a certain water depth and then increasing again. The bedforms have ripples and dunes at a water depth when a minimum sediment transport rate occurs. The water depth at the minimum sediment transport rate also varies due to floodplain roughness.

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Improved methods for the separation and quantitation of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and several miscellaneous antibiotics by reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography are presented. The methods have been improved significant]y by the substitution of high efficiency, small particle (-10μm) reverse phase columns in place of the previously used medium efficiency, pellicular columns. The conditions and procedures described here illustrate that considerable improvements in separation and sensitivity of detection of antibiotics are achieved. Pure compounds, complex mixtures of antibiotics in a variety of dosage forms and fermentation broths are routinely analyzed by the described procedures.

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In this paper, we purposed we a new approach for robot Self-Localization in indoor and outdoor. The approach is based on RSSI of mobile phone. First, we repeated experiment six times that is RSSI reproducibility measurement of PHS when the robot was moved 1000 mm in straight. Second, we measured RSSI of PHS in 2D small area (300mm×300mm). The result shows recognized RSSI of PHS in different environments and it is able to Self-Localization with high-resolution and sufficient accuracy. Alternatively, it make a RSSI map, we could detect a change of RSSI in 2D small area. The experimental results indicate that the robot is possible to localize accurately based on our proposed method and by applying the localization result to compensate the odometry, the cumulative error can be eliminated.

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The mechanisms of protein separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Shodex OH pak B-804 column were examined, and an attempt was made to relate the separation behavior of some proteins to their molecular weight, isoelectric point and/or molecular size. HPLC elution was carried out with several kinds of buffer solutions at different pH values to cover the range of protein isoelectric points, and the effect of the addition of salts on the elution time was tested. Elution was not necessarily in order of molecular weight or molecular size, and also varied according to whether or not protein-protein, protein-solute and/or protein-column packing interactions occurred in the buffer solutions used.

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ブタ血漿中H₄葉酸(THF)および5メチルH₄葉酸(5 MF)の電気化学検出を用いたHPLC法による分析を検討した. ブタ血漿サンプルは過塩素酸で除タンパクした後にHPLCシステムに注入した. 分析力ラムはフェニルカラム, 移動相は0.1mM EDTAを含む20mM酢酸緩衝液(pH3.6)とアセトントリルの混合液(96.5:3.5)を用いた. 検出器の印加電圧は300 mVを用いた. この分析条件で, ブタ血漿中のTHFと5 MFはそれぞれ良好に分離した. 検出限界はTHFでは0.15 ng/ml, 5 MFでは0.13 ng/mlであった(SN比=3). THFおよび5 MFの血漿へ添加した後の回収率は, それぞれ77.6±2.1%, 83.0±1.7%(平均±SD, n=5)であった.

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When an active volcano erupts, it is important to observe in the area for forecasting debris flood and/or a pyroclastic flow for inhabitants. However, typically, a restricted area is set, such as within a few kilometers radius of the crater. Therefore, we proposed an observation system based on a tele-operated mobile robot via radio communication in active volcanoes. To evaluate the system, we conducted some field tests via 3G communication in Mt. Asama and Mt. Mihara etc. During the experiments, we faced some critical situations that the robot stopped all motion because of weakness of communication signal of 3G. To solve the problem, in this research, we developed a hybrid connection system with multi-robots that is composed of two radio communication lines. In this paper, we explain how the system works, introduce our new robots equipped with the system, and report operation tests on them.

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In H.264/AVC standard, many new techniques such as variable block size (VBS) and multiple reference frame (MRF) are used in motion estimation (ME) part to achieve superior coding performance. However, the use of new techniques will also cause great burden on computation complexity, which leads to problems in low power hardware implementation. Many software based fast ME algorithms are proposed to reduce complexity. For real-time hardwired encoder, the huge throughput of fractional motion estimation (FME) and integer motion estimation (IME) makes pipeline stage a must. In this case, IME is arranged in a single stage, which deteriorates the efficiency of many software based algorithms. Based on the hardware data flow, this paper provides a complexity reduction algorithm which speeds up ME procedure through three schemes. Firstly, the proposed algorithm executes similarity analysis to detect big mode MB and apply early termination in IME stage. Secondly, for normal MB, motion feature is extracted after IME of each frame and a 6-ring based search range adjustment scheme is introduced to remove redundant search positions. Thirdly, for MBs which have large motion feature, the pixel difference is very small due to the blur effect on video sensor. So, we use subsampling technique to reduce computation complexity for such MBs. Experimental results show that, compared with hardware friendly full search algorithm, the proposed fast ME algorithm can reduce 52.63% to 83.21% ME time with negligible video quality degradation. Furthermore, since the proposed algorithm works in a hardware friendly way, it can be embedded into 3-stage real-time hardwired video encoder to achieve low power design.

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This paper proposes a novel system called the cyclic prefixreconstructable time domain synchronous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPR-TDS-OFDM) system, which uses a new frame structure and restores the cyclicity of the received OFDM block with low complexity. Simulation results show that the CPR-TDS-OFDM system outperforms the conventional TDS-OFDM system in high-speed fading channels.

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変形性膝関節症に対し，NexGen LPS-Flex（以下LPS）を用いた人工膝関節置換術（以下TKA）施行後，2年以上経過観察した成績につき検討した．2001年以降，LPSを用いたTKAを行った118名150膝（男性12，女性106），手術時平均年齢72.3歳（59～85歳），平均経過観察期間2年10ケ月（2～4.2年）であった．機種の内訳はMobile 16膝，Fixed 134膝であった．術前・術後の可動域は伸展－9.6°が－0.97°，屈曲121.3°が124.4°，JOAスコアは51点が83.9点，Knee Scoreは34.2点が94.2点，Functional Scoreは35.5点が77.8点といずれも良好な改善を認めた．また，130°以上の深屈曲可能となったものは67膝であった．LPSを用いたTKAの術後短期成績は良好であったが，今回の検討ではMobile type，Fixed typeの機種別での有意な差は認めなかった．

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