In recent years, maintenance and improvement of study environment are called for. Majority of environmental maintenance which uses nature (plant) depends on the viewpoint of science education, environmental protection and social-studies education. Although, it is a national language that there are a lot of class time numbers in the curriculum. In this research, to know how the student touched the plant, in the textbook investigation and the questionnaire survey were done. Consequently, it is a Japanese language to treat the plants most frequently in curriculums. And, to enhance the vocabulary, it has been understood that it is important to touch the plant directly. Based on these, a new proposal is presented regarding school planting in consideration of the practical use to the Japanese language education in the junior high school.

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Portable infrared CO₂ sensors, such as GMT222 (VAISALA) and LI-820 (LI-COR), are often used for soil CO₂ efflux measurements; however, in general, these inexpensive small sensors are relatively inaccurate and slow to respond. The output signals are delayed as a result of diffusion processes in the sample cell and internal averaging calculations to ensure stable data output. Accurate estimations of CO₂ efflux require calculating the actual increase in CO₂ concentration in a chamber without these composite delays.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the response characteristics of several sensors under two different conditions: diffusion and flow-through. The data obtained in the experiments indicated that attachment of a dust filter substantially delayed the sensor response. Furthermore, the sensor response time under the diffusion condition was longer than under the flow-through condition. When the soil CO₂ efflux was calculated using a nonlinear regression method, a long response time led to large CO₂ efflux estimation errors; for example, a 10% underestimation occurred when CO₂ concentrations were measured using GMM222C with a sampling interval of 300 seconds. We developed a backward estimation method for recovering the actual increase in CO₂ concentration from the delayed sensor outputs. Correction of the sensor response with the backward estimation provides an effective solution for achieving an accurate estimation of the soil CO₂ efflux using inexpensive sensors.

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There is mother tongue interference when a Japanese person who has passed the age of puberty learns English. In order to combat this interference, we have to make a contrastive analysis between English and Japanese and see where the differences are. This paper will focus on syntax and attempt to point out the major differences between English syntax and Japanese syntax. We can predict the difficulties the Japanese learner will encounter by comparing the syntax of the two languages. Language mirrors the way people view the world. English syntax reveals the way English-speaking people see the world, whereas Japanese syntax is an expression of the way Japanese people think. Therefore, the Japanese learner has to learn not only English syntax but also the way English-speaking people look at the world in order to have a real grasp of English syntax. The fundamental syntactic structure of English is Subject Verb Object. On the other hand, the basic syntax of Japanese is Topic Comment. The Japanese learner will start out learning English from the perspective of Japanese syntax. The resulting errors are called Japanese English, English influenced by Japanese. The learner of English has to learn to shift the perspective and get into English-speaking people's way of thinking and speaking.

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1.京都付近では冬期,この地域で繁殖する留鳥のカワラヒワの他に,渡りのカワラヒワとオオカワラヒワが飛来する。これら3者の関係を明らかにするため調査を行なった。
2.留鳥のカワラヒワは,冬期を通じ林緑地域に高い定住性を持つ。多くの個体は番いとなっており,たえず離合集散するまとまりの少ない群れをつくり,畑•水田•林などさまざまな場所を採食地とし,餌内容は多様である。
3.渡り性のカワラヒワは,冬期主として開放地にまとまりを持った群れを形成し,おのおの場所に応じた特定の餌を,すべての個体が食べ,また集団ねぐらをとる。これらの個体の体の大きさは,留鳥のカワラヒワのそれよりもやや大きい。
4.オオカワラヒワは,秋と春にのみ多数出現する。生息場所,群れの状態,餌内容,ねぐらなどは,渡り性のカワラヒワと類似している。
5.多数の標識個体について定住性•移動•消失状況を調べた結果,以上3集団に属する個体が混合する群れは少なく,殆どは上記のように分かれて生息していることが確認された。また,留鳥のカワラヒワはすでに冬期からそれぞれの繁殖地近くにきわめて高い定住性を持つこと,渡りのカワラヒワも冬期開放地に比較的高い定住性を持つこと,さらに春先にたちよったオオカワラヒワの群れは,短期間に個体がたえず入れかわっていることが明らかにされた。
6.九州の東串良と熊本で短期間の調査を行ない,留鳥のカワラヒワと渡りのオオカワラヒワとが,それぞれ別の群れを形成していることを見い出した。
7.3つの個体群が分かれてすんでいる機構について若干の考察を行なった。留鳥群の林緑への定住は,すでに形成されている番い関係に関連するところが多く,また2つの渡り群の開放地での生息は,一時的に多量に得られる餌と関連するものと推定できる。同時にこの分離には,相互関係による生活空間の分けあいが関与しているのではないかと判断できる。

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Minerals are the major and characteristic constituents of many soil horizons and soils. Twelve essential nutrient elements are provided from the minerals although nitrogen is provided from soil organic matter including organisms. Four following topics about minerals in volcanic ash soils and paddy field soils were introduced and the perspectives on future research were discussed. (1) During andosolization, Al, Fe, Ti, Sc, rare earth elements, etc., are concentrated as nearly immobile elements in accordance with the removal of Si, Ca, Na, etc. (2) Apatite in volcanic ash is sparingly soluble around neutral pH, and acid or chelating organic acid exudation is effective for plants to uptake P from apatite. (3) Biotite in volcanic ash can be easily weathered to vermiculite releasing K^+ that is one of the major essential elements for plants. (4) Vivianite was found on rice roots grown in lowland soils.

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1. The binding rate of PAS to human serum albumin measured by the method of equilibrium dialysis correlate the albumin concentration and inversely correlate the PAS concentration in the range of 50 to 400 mcg/mI.
2. The binding rate of PAS to human albumin is the lowest at pH 6.5 and increases according to the increasing alkalinity.
3. Almost the same binding rates of PAS to serum protein are obtained either in vivo and in vitro by the method of equilibrium dialysis.
4. There is an individual difference in the binding rates of PAS to serum protein even when corrected by the albumin concentration.
5. The inverse correlation is proved between the blood level and the acety-lation rate of PAS.
6. The inverse correlation is also proved between the binding rate and acetylation rate of PAS.
7. There is a significant correlation between the unbound blood level of PAS and'the microbiologically active blood level of INH, and this result may suggest that the same grade of acetylation takes place in the same individual even when the different drugs are given.
8. The serum protein binding is one of the most important factors of inactivation of the drug in vivo as well as the acetylation, and it may influence the clinical therapeutic effect of the drugs.

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Linear polarized near-infrared light (PL) irradiation is considered one of the useful methods for muscle fatigue recovery, because it increases the blood flow and skin temperature of the irradiated part. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of PL-irradiation on muscle fatigue recovery and physiological response in the upper limbs after maximal repeated rhythmic hand gripping (RRH). Ten males and ten females participated in this study. Subjects performed RRH for 9 min, and then rested for 20 min with PL- or placeboirradiations. After rest, they again performed RRH for 3 min. As evaluation parameters, we selected the sustained force curve during RRH, subjective muscle-fatigue sensation (Fs), blood lactate concentration (La), muscle oxygenation (Total Hb, Oxy-Hb, and Deoxy-Hb), and skin temperature. The decreasing rate of the integrated area for 30 sec during RRH was significantly smaller in the PL-irradiation than with the placebo. There were no significant differences between irradiation conditions for fatigue sensation and lactate concentration Skin temperature during rest was kept high by PL-irradiation. Muscle oxygenation tended to remain slightly high during the initial phase (1-8 min after the exercise). It is inferred that PL-irradiation maintains a high skin temperature and blood flow, but it may not con-tribute to recover muscle contraction performance in muscle fatigue.

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Japanese is basically a topic-prominent language whereas English is a subject-prominent language. Because of this typological difference between the two languages, Japanese EFL learners seem to frequently transfer the topic-comment structure of their native language when producing English. This paper is an attempt to investigate whether Japanese EFL learners' interlanguage will progress from a topic-comment form to a subject-predicate form as their English proficiency improves. The focus is mainly on two syntactic properties: dummy or empty subjects ('it' and 'there') and subject-verb agreement, which are both regarded as basic characteristics of a subject-prominent language like English. The underlying question of this paper is whether Japanese EFL learners, instead of relying on the topic-comment structure, will more frequently produce sentences with dummy-subjects and correctly inflected verbs as they increase their English proficiency levels. To elicit data, a written translation task was given to Japanese EFL learners. Data produced by learners of different proficiency levels was analyzed in terms of their use of dummy subjects, subject-verb agreement, and topic-comment form.

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The purpose of this study is to verify the claim that the theory of markedness is applicable to the case of second language (L2) acquisition. In order to support this claim, the present study focuses on the acquisition of verb complements that permit (1) only infinitive complements, (2) only gerund complements, and (3) both types of complements. Data were obtained cross-sectionally from 110 Japanese adult English as a forign language (EFL) learners, and from adult Japanese subject, Kiyoshi. The present assumption is that as well as in the case of a child's first language (LI) acquisition, the infinitive verb complements, the unmarked structures, will be learned before gerund verb complements, the marked ones, even in the case of Japanese EFL learners. A written test containing 17 relevant verbs of the three categories above was administered. The results indicate that the present assumption is valid. The findings also indicate the following acquisition sequence of verb complements: (bare infinitive) → (contracted infinitive) → to infinitive → gerund.

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In spite of increasing vocabulary studies, a process of vocabulary acquisition remains unclear. This may be ascribed to lack of vocabulary acquisition models and longitudinal studies that address how components of vocabulary knowledge develop. This study aims to shed light on how two aspects of EFL learners' vocabulary knowledge, paradigmatic and collocational aspects, develop over one academic year. The results show first-year university students did not increase their vocabulary size, paradigmatic and collocational knowledge despite about 75-hour instruction. This may be accounted for by the students' lack of motivation of learning English. Furthermore, vocabulary aspects showed different changing patterns. Collocational knowledge seemed to change more easily than vocabulary size and paradigmatic knowledge. This may lend support to Schmitt's (1998a) argument that knowledge of meaning sense is rather stable. The results suggest some implications on teaching vocabulary, especially on a collocational aspect of vocabulary knowledge.

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Diatom assemblages of the sediments from two sites near Kutcharo Lake were analyzed to clarify the change in sedimentary environments caused by Holocene sea level fluctuation. Based on the ecological spectrum of the diatoms, the sedimentary history near Kutcharo Lake is inferred to have been as follows : (1) There were lowland peat bogs along the Okhotsk Sea coast. (2) The sediments of the lowermost Tr-1 zone were deposited on the littoral bottom of the paleo-Kutcharo Bay, which had been formed prior to 9,000 y.B.P. by the Holocene transgression. (3) Sedimentation in the MD-a subzone took place on the bottom of the neritic regions and in the MD-b subzone, and also on the bottom of the shore regions of the paleo-Kutcharo Bay. (4) The shore regions of the paleo-Kutcharo Bay changed directly into freshwater bogs during a regression from 6,000 to 5,000 y.B.P. (6) About 4,000 y.B.P., some ponds or small lakes developed in the bogs which had been formed at about 5,000 y.B.P. at two sites near Kutcharo Lake.

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An attempt will be made to analyze the historical change of English word stress within a framework of parametric metrical phonology. Parameter values are set for each historical period based on a learning model, which regards homogeneous settings as preferable to heterogeneous ones for a child. It will become clear that, however, while some changes in parameter values increase the homogeneity of the stress system, others make the system less homogeneous. Our investigation will lead us to the conclusion that, though the principle governing the homogeneity of the system plays an important role in the history of English, it always competes with other principles of stress assignment.

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189 Japanese and 289 Chinese junior high school students were surveyed to assess their motivation and attitudes for studying English. The results showed that the Chinese students had higher interest and involvement than the Japanese students in English studies. They showed relatively higher achievement, but were less satisfied with their attainment and felt it necessary to exert more efforts than the Japanese. The Chinese are basically instrumentally motivated, i.e., English is seen as an instrument for a future career. Their intense interest, involvement and efforts are pragmatically-oriented and integrated into a single-dimension value. In contrast, the Japanese have multi-dimensional motivation, i.e., partly influenced by extrinsic factors such as entrance exams, and partly influenced by intrinsic factors existing in the learning process itself. Another big distinction is the fact that the Chinese students expressed a very weak longing or aspiration for English culture.

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