Newly devised upper gastrointestinal endoscopes, -XQ30 and -P30, were evaluated clinically concerning to insertion, observation and biopsy channel comparing with -XQ20 and -P20.
Endoscopists who examined the same 55 patients with -XQ30 and -XQ20, or -P30 and -P20 answered a questionnaire. It revealed that by using -XQ30 or -P30 examiners could insert endoscopes more easily to the duodenal bulb, observe more widely especially at the down-observation or at the inverted observation, and insert biopsy forceps more easily through the channel even at the inverted observation than by using -XQ20 or -P20.
These results indicate that -XQ30 and -P30 are more useful in the endoscopic diagnosis than the previous endoscopes.

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In response to antigenic stimulation, the splenic lymphocytes from Toxoplasma-infected mice produce a factor which is called by the authors the Toxoplasma growth inhibitory factor (Toxo-) and which inhibits the multiplication of Toxoplasma within nonimmune macrophages in vitro. In this study, partial characterization of murine Toxo- was examined using Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration, isoelectric focusing, zonal electrophoresis and heat and enzymatic treatment.
Peak activity of Toxo- was found in a Sephadex G-100 fraction with a similar molecular size to that of the ovalbumin. The molecular weight of Toxo- was calculated to be between 38, 000 and 55, 000. Toxo- was stable to heating at 56 C for 30 min but lost its activity at 80 C for 30 min or by exposure to pH values of 5 and 2. Exposure of Toxo- to water-insoluble chymotrypsin or neuraminidase markedly decreased its ability to induce enhanced microbicidal activity of cultured macrophages, suggesting that Toxo- was a glycoprotein. Furthermore, Toxo- migrated in a region cathodal to mouse albumin on agar zone electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing of active Sephadex fractions showed a well-defined peak of Toxo- activity with an isoelectric point of pH 4.9 to 5.9.

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We purified macrophage migration inhibitory factor/glycosylation inhibiting factor (MIF/) from bovine brain by using an affinity column with the C-terminal region peptide of a novel serpin as a ligand. The affinity purified preparation showing a single band on SDS-PAGE contained four peptides on RP-HPLC, which were converged into two peptides time-dependently. Sequence analysis and Western blotting revealed that one was identical to bovine MIF/ and the other was an N-terminally modified form of MIF/. These results indicated that there exist at least two forms of MIF/ in the bovine brain and that they have an affinity for the C-terminal portion of the serpin.

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We performed endoscopic study with a thin gastrointestinal fiberscope, -N230 in 19 patients. In 4 of them, -XQ230 or -Q200 couldn't pass through the esophagus or EC junction because of the stenosis or trismus. In these 4 patients, endoscopic study with -N230 was successful. However, the images were less clear, the photographs were too small, and the cardia of the stomach was hard to see closely.
We concluded that -N230 is useful particularly in patients who have the lumen too narrow for conventional endoscopes to pass irrespective of the above mentioned disadvantages.

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We examined the clinical usefulness of newly devised small-caliber electronic endoscope for upper gastrointestinal tract, -P230 (Olympus) . Endoscopists examined the same 34 patients with -P230 and its conventional type -XQ200, and answered a questionnaire concerning scope insertion, and observation.
Results showed that insertion of -P230 into the pharynx and the doudenal bulb were more easy than that of -XQ200, because the outer diameter of the former endoscope was 0.5mm smaller (8.7mm) than that of the latter scope, and the former scope consisted of high elastic polymers. Although this scope has only one light guide channel, the brightness at the TV monitor and photographs was sufficient. These results indicate that -P230 is more useful for endoscopic diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal diseases than by the previous electronic endoscope.

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This study presents a new approach, group inching fortification () method, to deal with multiobjective optimization problems found in various mechanical designs. The method is exemplified by a four-factor porous air bearing design. In the method the initial group of designs in Pareto rank 1 is used as the basis to inch up the formation of Pareto solution set, which is fortified over the search process by uniting superior or non-dominated solutions from base-point exploration moves. In this study, a comparison of the method with genetic algorithm (GA) and hyper-cube dividing method (HDM) for the same air bearing design is presented. The results show that the Pareto solution set obtained by the method has more design selections with a wider coverage (breadth). Equally important, the number of objective-function calls required (179, 736, and 3600 for , HDM, and GA, respectively) in the method is significantly reduced. In this study, the method is suggested to be terminated when all the designs are non-dominated by each other, a criterion which is very difficult to achieve by using the GA and HDM. This study proposes an effective design tool which is easy-to-implement for solving the problems with multiple objectives.

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（グローバルILL/DDフレームワーク）プロジェクトについて，日米，日韓間の現在の運用状況をプロジェクトチームの活動内容や統計グラフと共に報告する。日米間では日本からの依頼件数が，日韓間では韓国からの依頼件数が受付件数を上回っている。さらにISOプロトコルの更新を機に見直しが図られた本プロジェクトについて，関係組織における検討の経緯と示された今後の方向性について報告する。

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Since the discovery of the structures of somatostatin () in 1973 by Brazeau et al, its measurement by the radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods has been reported by Arimura et al (1975), Yanaihara et al (1978) and Sawano et al (1978).
As does not contain tyrosine and histidine, which can be radioiodized, analogues of are being used as tracers in its radioimmunoassay. In this study, two different types of trafcers (¹²⁵ I tyr⁸of and ¹²⁵I-tyrosyl-) were used in RIA to measure the immunoreactive of fetal tissues, and their results were compared.
A highly specific anti- serum was generated by immunizing rabbits with GIFconjugated BSA.
¹²⁵ I-tyr⁸- and ¹²⁵I-tyrosyl- were prepared by the lactoperoxidase method. The former was purified through a carboxymethylcellulose column and the latter through a Sephadex G-25 (fine) column. They were then incubated at 4°C in 0.01 M phosphate buffer saline containing 0.1% geratin and 0.2% BSA and used as tracers to measure the immunoreactive -like substances in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, cerebrum, cerebellum, thyroid gland, stomach, small intestine and spinal cord of three fetuses obtained through legal abortion with gestation ages of 22 weeks, 23 weeks and 25 weeks. The free and bound forms were separated with the double antibody technique.
The correlation of these concentrations by the two different assay systems with results such as Y=0.905X- 87.4, r=0.992 and P<0.001 was demonstrated.
From the displacement curves of the -analogues (tyrosyl- and tyr¹ -) and the standard curves of the synthetic , it was found that when ¹²⁵I-tyr⁸- was used as the tracer, the anti- serum could identify both the -analogues and the synthetic as the same substance; however, when ¹²⁵I-tyrosyl- was substituted as the tracer, the anti- serum could only identify the tyrosyl- and the synthetic as being the same substance and excluded the tyr¹ - when its concentration reached beyond a certain level.
The dilution curves of the immunoreactive- extracted from the hypothalamus and pancreas of the fetuses were found to be parallel to the standard curves obtained by the synthetic in both asssay systems.
It is concluded that the two different assay systems which were used to measure the concentrations in the fetuses can yield the same results and are useful in the application of -RIA, but ¹²⁵ I-tyr ⁸ - is more stable than the ¹²⁵I-tyrosyl-.

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The following five tyrosine-containing analogs of somatostatin () were synthesized by the solid-phase method: Tyr-;[Tyr⁶]-;[Tyr⁷]-;[Tyr⁸]-;[Tyr¹¹]-.These analogs except [Tyr⁸]- were demonstrated to possess almost the same potency to inhibit thyrotropin release stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone as that of synthesized in vivo.[Tyr⁸]- had potencies less than 0.5% of . They also had the activity to inhibit Nembutal-induced growth hormone rise. The structure-activity relationship and availability of these analogs for radioimmunoassay were discussed.

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A prototype gastro-videoendoscope (-XQ230AY) has been tested in 87 cases for routine upper gastrointestinal examination. The bending section of the tip of this scope was improved.
The capacity of the observation was compared with prototype and two conventional scopes (-XQ200 and XQ230) . The capacity of the prototype scope was higher than that of -XQ200 significantly in angular region, upper and middle body, lesser curvature of cardiac region and duodenal bulb. And the capacity of this scope was higher than that of -XQ230 in angular region, upper body and bulb.
Improved bending section of a prototype scope was considered to be useful for upper gastrointestinal examination, especially the capacity of the observation with this scope was superior to the conventional videoendoscope.

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福島の原発事故で放出されたセシウム137と134の放射能強度比は約1と推定される。毎日10Bqの放射性セシウムを含む食品を食べ続けると,Cs-137の場合,体内放射能の平衡値はおよそ1400Bqになる。これによる年間内部被ばく量はおよそ0.076mSvで,カリウム40による内部被ばくの半分弱である。内部被ばくの計算は,本来はICRPのモデルやデータに基づいて行うべきだが,放射線のエネルギーを用いた物理的考察によりシンプルな計算を行ってみた結果,妥当な値が得られた。

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がん検診全身PET画像の雑音モデル（noise model: NM）を用いて平滑化パラメータを局所的に調整する雑音モデル付きガイデッドイメージフィルタリング（guided image filtering: ）を開発した．PET装置で計測されたリストデータを2分割することで各画素の雑音の標準偏差を表す雑音画像（noise image: NI）を簡便に推定する手法を提案した．PET画像と雑音画像のペアから画素値に対する雑音の標準偏差を求め，その185例の平均を取りNMとした．NMが最適，不適な症例の肺野，腎臓，膀胱に擬似的なホットスポットを付加し，ガウシアンフィルタ（Gauss），NMなしの，NM付きの比較を行った．NMなしのでは肺野に配置したホットスポットのコントラスト2：1の場合にGaussより低いコントラストリカバリ係数を示したが，NM付きではこれを生じなかった．

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We have performed a clinical evaluation on the new Olympus endoscopy system for upper digestiv tract, EVIS-CV240 and -Q240. This new system features better insertability and maneuverability, higher resolution and larger monitor size. This system also enables EUS procedures with the use of US miniature probe.
We have selected 10 doctors with 5 years or more experlence in endoscopy, and performed a questionnaire for 67cases pesformed using this system. The questionnaire included comparison of picture quallty in enhance of structure levels 1, 4, and 8 (hereunder ESL) in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, and comparison to the current CV200 and -XQ230 system.
As for picture quality, the result showed improvement in the new system. In higher enhance of structure levels, clearer observation of the visible vascular pattern, redness of the mucosa, and change in color were possible for all tracts.
Ln comparison to the CV200 and -XQ230 system, overall results showed improvement in the new CV240 and -Q240 system, however, some identified problems in its maneuverability.
Through our evaluation we conclude that the new CV240 and -Q240 system is useful for observation in the upper digestive tract. This may lead not only to a reduction of misdiagnosis, but more importantly, this may lead to a progress in higher level diagnosis with the use of accumulated high quality pictures of minute lesions.

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One male rat pituitary placed in a chamber was perifused with cyclic somatostatin () for 30 min. Either 160nM or 1.6μM caused a decrease in the release of GH. The release of TSH was also decreased by 160nM , and paradoxically increased by 1.6μM . Increasing the dose of to 16μM resulted in an abrupt rise in the release of both GH and TSH during the perfusion; then the level of GH decreased to the nadir level followed by an elevation above the base line, while that of TSH promptly fell back toward the base line. The release of PRL was not clearly affected by 16μM .[Tyr⁸]- did not have such stimulatory activities. These results indicate that not only inhibits the release of GH and TSH, but also stimulates that of GH and TSH in this system, depending on its dose.

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Somatostatin analogs, which have been used as tracers in various somatostatin () radioimmunoassay systems such as N^α-tyrosyl-, [Tyr¹] - and [Tyr¹¹] -, contain tryptophan at position eight in the structure. These peptides tend to be subject to oxidative degradation during the radioiodination procedure and labile under storage conditions. In the present study, we therefore developed a radioimmunoassay for using ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - as a labelled antigen which was a far more stable tracer.
[Tyr⁸] - was radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase method. The ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - was purified on a CMC column chromatogram (1 × 8cm) by eluating either with the stepwise method of 0.002M (19ml) - 0.2M ammonium acetate, pH 4.6, or with the linear gradient method of 0.05M (50ml) -0.25M (50ml) ammonium acetate, pH 4.6. Each 2ml fraction was collected in polystyrene tubes. Immunoreactive ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸ J - existed in the] _last peak under both elution conditions. The fractions containing ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸]- in the ammonium acetate buffer were stored in the polystyrene tubes at -20°C until used. Under these conditions, ¹²⁵I_ [Tyr⁸] - was completely adsorbed on the surface of the polystyrene tube, while free ¹²⁵I remained in the ammonium acetate buffer. Immediately before use, the stock solution was thawed, and the ammonium acetate buffer was discarded by eliminating free ¹²⁵I which had been liberated from the tracer during storage. Then, 1.0ml of buffer (0.1% gelatin-0.2% BSA-0.025M EDTA-0.15M NaC1-0.01M phophate, pH 7.4 : GBPBS) was added to the tube, which was vigorously shaken for 5 min with a ThermoMixer. Eighty to 90% of ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - attached to the wall was recovered in GBPBS by this procedure. The repurification on the CMC column chromatogram of the recovered tracer in GBPBS after storage of one month revealed that 88.2% of applied radioactivity was eluated at the same position of ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] -.
An autoradiogram of enzymatic hydrolysates of ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - showed that the labelled amino acid was 3-iodotyrosine. To elucidate the biological activity of iodinated [Tyr⁸]-, [Tyr⁸]- was iodinated with KI by the lactoperoxidase method. On the CMC column chromatogram, the products were divided into three fractions designated as Fr.I, Fr.II and Frill. Fr.II was identified as [3-iodotyrosine⁸] - by comparison with the elution position of ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - on the CMC column chromatogram. The in vivo potency of Fr.II to inhibit the release of TSH stimulated by TRH was 14.9% of , indicating that the biological activity of iodinated [Tyr⁸] - was markedly increased as compared with that of [Tyr⁸] - (less than 0.5% of ).
Specific antiserum R 501 for at the final dilution of 1 : 2,500 bound 39.3% of ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] -. The binding of the tracer to the antibody reached near the maximal level 19 hours after incubation at 4°C. For the separation of the free and bound tracers, the optimal incubation time with dextran coated charcoal was 15 minutes at 4°C. In the assay, glass tubes were better than polystyrene tubes because they lowered the non-specific binding of the free tracer.
Based on the above results, we performed the assay as follows : 0.2ml GBPBS, 0.1ml standard or sample solution, 0.1ml ¹²⁵I- [Tyr⁸] - (7,000-10,000cpm) and 0.1ml antiserum R 501 (1 : 500) were combined in glass tubes. After the first incubation at 4°C for 48 hours, the free and bound tracers were separated by the dextran coated charcoal method or the double antibody method.

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