By the development of the modern science and technology especially of vehicular engineering, the human society were given a great convenience, but the increase in the energy consumption gives an aggravation of the global environment. The development of the technology for environmental problems shall be proceeded in a global standpoint not only of geographical differences but also of cultural situations. Based on such a global viewpoint, the technology development, therefore, with any style of its transfer is the necessary condition for those activity. Some examples of the technology transfers in vehicular engineering of modern age including jet engines, aero-engines, passenger cars and diesel engines can be described as a reference to the technology development for next generation.

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手指に発症という稀な隆起性皮膚線維肉腫例を報告した。症例は41歳，男性。1年前より右環指中節部掌側に紅色結節が出現，徐々に増大し，直径12mm，高さ5mmの淡紅色のドーム状結節となった。病理組織では，紡錘形の腫瘍細胞がstoriform patternを呈して増殖していた。CD34による免疫染色で腫瘍細胞は陽性であり，隆起性皮膚線維肉腫と診断した。腫瘍辺縁から5mm離し，深さは腱膜上にて切除し，全層植皮術を行った。術後約5年経過し，局所再発や遠隔転移はない。

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2010 年に宮崎県で発生した口蹄疫は甚大な被害をもたらし，埋却地の確保ができずに堆肥，ふん尿や飼料等が残留した。もし，堆肥に口蹄疫ウイルスが残存した場合，切返しによって拡散し，さらなる伝播が懸念される。そこで，切返しによるエアロゾル拡散性状の把握と水の噴霧による抑制方法を検討することを目的とした。 堆肥舍内で発生する粒径が0.3 μm 以上，0.5 μm 未満のエロゾルは10⁸ particles m^-3 のオーダーで最も濃度が高かった。堆肥舍で発生するエアロゾルの個数濃度に対する堆肥舍からある距離だけ離れた位置の個数濃度の比を無次元濃度とすると，堆肥舍から40 m 離れるとすべての粒径において無次元濃度は0近くになった。40 m 以内では，堆肥舍から離れるに従い，無次元濃度は徐々に減少した。また，その無次元濃度の予測式を提示した。噴霧によって90％ 濃度の低減が可能であることを示した。

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49歳の男性。小児期に右鼠径部に腫瘤が出現してきたが放置していた。最近になり徐々に増大してきたため当科受診。初診時右鼠径部に8×5cmの,圧痛を伴わない有茎性の硬い腫瘤を認めた。生検をかねた切除にて線維肉腫様変化を伴った隆起性皮膚線維肉腫と診断し,拡大切除を施行した。

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Detailed analyses of phospholipids were performed using male and female rabbit hearts (body weight, 2.5-3.0kg).
No difference between male and female was detected in the lipid-phosphorus content in 1g of wet tissues or in the composition of the phospholipids.
The amounts of the diacyl-, alkenyl-acyl-, and alkyl-acyl-components in cholinephosphoglyceride (PC) were 57%, 40%, and 3%, respectively. The results were the same in both male and female. The amount of the diacyl type of ethanolaminephospholipid (PE) was higher than that of the alkenyl-acyl type in the male (55%, 43%), but the contents of these two components were the same in the female rabbit (49%). The amounts of the alkyl-acyl types were about 3% in both the male and female.
The main difference between the male and female rabbit hearts was in the amount of C_18:1 and C_18:2 acids in PC, i.e., more C_18:1 than C_18:2 was detected in the male, whereas the reverse was the case in the female. The fatty aldehyde compositions of the alkenyl-acyl type PC were a little different from each other. Less C_16:0 and more C_18:0 and C_18:1 aldehyde were observed in the male than in the female, while no difference between male and female was observed in the fatty acid and fatty aldehyde compositions of PE.
The fatty acid compositions at the 1-and 2-positions of diacyl- and alkenyl-acyl type PC and PE were analyzed.
The fatty acid composition of the diacyl type PC at the 2-position and that of the alkenyl-acyl type were similar except that more C_18:1 and less C_20:4 were found in the former in both the male and female rabbits. Different ratios of C_18:1 to C_18:2 between the male and female were also detected in these two fractions.
The fatty acid composition of diacyl type PE at the 2-position and that of the alkenylacyl type were similar except that more C_18:0 was observed in the former than in the latter, and small but significant amounts of C_20:5 and C_22:3-6 were clearly present in the latter, in contrast to the former, in both the male and female.
As regards the fatty acid composition of the diacyl type compounds at the 1-position, no difference was observed in PC between the male and female, while more C_16:0 and less C_18:0 was found in PE in the male than in the female.

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50 歳，男性。10 年以上前に生じた左側頭部の腫瘍が，数カ月前から増大したため，近医を受診した。 切除生検が施行され，皮膚病理検査の結果から隆起性皮膚線維肉腫（dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans，以下 DFSP）と診断され，当院に紹介となった。局所麻酔下に腫瘍辺縁より側方は 3 cm マージン，深部は可能な限り骨膜上で腫瘍を切除し，人工真皮で保護した。切除後病理所見としては，生検標本と同様の所見，すなわち DFSP であり，下床マージンを含めて，断端陰性であることの確認を行った。下腹部から採皮し，全層植皮術で再建した。その後再発を認めていない。DFSP は体幹に発症することが多く，頭頚部に生じる例は比較的稀である。特に頭部に生じた場合には垂直方向のマージンの設定が困難となることをしばしば経験する。当科で経験した 44 例の発症部位も解析し，若干の考察と併せて報告する。

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Glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) includes enzymes with a wide range of specificities in terms of reactions, substrates and products, with plant GH1 enzymes covering a particularly wide range of hydrolases and transglycosylases. In plants, in addition to β-D-glucosidases, β-D-mannosidases, disaccharidases, thioglucosidases and hydroxyisourate hydrolase, GH1 has recently been found to include galactosyl and glucosyl transferases that utilize galactolipid and acyl glucose donors, respectively. The amino acids binding to the nonreducing monosaccharide residue of glycosides and oligosaccharides in subsite -1 are largely conserved in GH1 glycoside hydrolases, despite their different glycon specificities, and residues outside this subsite contribute to sugar specificity. The conserved subsite -1 residues form extensive hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions to the glycon to distort it toward the transition state, so they must make different interactions with different sugars. Aglycon specificity is largely determined by interactions with the cleft leading into the active site, but different enzymes appear to interact with their substrates via different residues. The most extended aglycon binding interactions that have been studied extensively are those for cellooligosaccharides. Rice Os3BGlu7 (BGlu1) β-D-glucosidase, which binds cellooligosaccharides residues in subsites +1 to +4 primarily by water-mediated hydrogen bonds and a few aromatic-sugar stacking interactions, appears to show remarkable plasticity in this binding. Although mutations that change the mechanism of the hydrolases, such as glycosynthases and thioglycoligases create transglycosylases, the structural basis for natural transglycosylase vs. glycoside hydrolase activities in GH1 enzymes remains to be determined.

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Azasugars are known as potent inhibitors of glycoside hydrolases. In this study, we examined the inhibition of Cellvibrio gilvus cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) by four azasugars (isofagomine, 1-deoxynojirimycin, castanospermine and calystegine B₂) and a non-azasugar (glucono-1,5-lactone). Isofagomine strongly inhibited CBP, whereas 1-deoxynojirimycin, castanospermine, and glucono-1,5-lactone exhibited moderate or weak inhibition. Calystegine B₂ did not inhibit CBP. Kinetic analysis in the presence of sulfate indicated that it is an extremely weak competitive inhibitor against phosphate. Moreover, crystal structures of CBP complexed with isofagomine or 1-deoxynojirimycin were determined, revealing molecular recognition of the glucosidase inhibitors by the phosphorolytic enzyme. These inhibitors are bound at subsite −1 and form several hydrogen bonds with the protein and anion (phosphate or sulfate). The strong inhibition by isofagomine is probably due to an electrostatic interaction between its endocyclic amino group and phosphate.

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Canterbury bells (Campanula medium) have deep purple petals due to the accumulation of 7-polyacylated anthocyanin molecules. The first step in the production of 7-polyacylated anthocyanins is glucosylation at the C7 position of anthocyanidin mediated by an acyl-glucose dependent anthocyanin 7-O-glucosyltransferase (AA7GT). To date, two such enzymes have been identified: DgAA7GT from delphinium (Delphinium grandiflorum) and AaAA7GT from African lily (Agapanthus africanus). Here, we describe the isolation of AA7GT cDNA from C. medium and the characterization of the enzymatic properties of a recombinant protein. The CmAA7GT protein belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1, similarly to other AA7GTs; a phylogenetic analysis revealed that CmAA7GT was in the same clade as other AA7GTs. The CmAA7GT gene showed expression only in flowers, with a peak level of expression at the middle stage of floral development. A recombinant CmAA7GT protein showed significant preference for interaction with anthocyanidin 3-O-rutinoside rather than anthocyanidin 3-O-monoglycoside, which is the preferred target of other AA7GTs. This difference in target preference may reflect a conformational difference in the acceptor pocket of the enzyme protein that recognizes the anthocyanidin glycoside.

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鳥インフルエンザを始めとした人畜共通感染症や口蹄疫などの家畜の疾病は畜産業のみならず地域や国に甚大な被害を及ぼす。これらに対する防疫の概念としてコンパートメンタリゼーションが提唱されているが、我が国では無窓鶏舎のバイオセキュリティーレベルの適応に関してデータや指針はない。一方、病原体の伝播の形態の一つにエアロゾルがあげられ、鶏舎間での伝播や拡散性状を把握する事が非常に重要である。そこで本研究はコンパートメンタリゼーション摘要性の検討のため、汚染質の発生位置、鶏舎間距離による汚染質の鶏舎間伝播や舎外への拡散性状を明らかにすることを目的とした。対象とする鶏舎は横断換気方式の2階立て無窓平飼ブロイラー鶏舎で、風上と風下に位置する2棟の1/20の模型を用い、定常、非等温条件で風洞実験を実施した。比重が空気と同程度のエチレンガスをパッシブスカラーである病原体を含む汚染空気として用いた。 　発生量に対する伝播量は10-2のオーダーで、発生源が風上側の建物、かつ1階で、鶏舎間距離が棟高さの4倍である場合が最も伝播量は低く、風下側の建物に伝播しなかった。風下側から発生した場合、汚染空気は風上側の建物にも伝播し、その量は風上側から発生する場合よりも多かった。舎外への拡散量は建物間で多く、風上の建物から風下側に棟高さの6倍の距離を離れると、どの条件でもほぼ同程度の拡散量となった。

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An abnormal opacity was found incidentally on chest radiography in a 19-year-old Japanese man with lumbago. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a 55 × 40 mm well-defined mass with smooth margins in the lower lobe of the right lung (S6). Contrast-enhanced dynamic CT showed that the lesion was not enhanced, suggesting a cystic lesion, such as a bronchogenic cyst. However, contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed enhancement of the lesion, which had a clear margin and homogenous consistency, suggesting a benign pulmonary solid tumor. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, S6 segmentectomy, was performed, disclosing the lesion to be solid. Histopathologically, the tumor consists of spindle cells with ample eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in an interlacing pattern. Immunohistochemical staining revealed positive desmin reactivity but was negative for α smooth muscle actin and HHF-35 (muscle specific actin), indicating atypical phenotypic differentiation. The lesion was accordingly diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma with low grade malignancy, and right lower lobectomy was performed. The patient has remained free from recurrence for 18 months without any additional chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI should be carried out to facilitate accurate preoperative diagnosis and selection of the correct surgical plan.

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The aim of this study was to quantify the body surface temperature of suckling piglets, and determine the association between body surface temperature, body weight and growth rate during the suckling period. The study population consisted of 72 piglets from six sows that were randomly selected at day 4 after farrowing. Infrared thermography and weighing were performed every other day from day 4 to 24 of lactation. Thermal images of each piglet were taken at the eye, base of ear, back, and anus using a handheld infrared camera. Body surface temperature was associated with piglet age and growth rate (P < 0.05), but not with body weight. At day 14, the body surface temperature was highest in all regions (P < 0.05), while at day 24 the piglets averaged lower body surface temperatures than at days 4-18 (P < 0.05). The interaction between piglet age and growth rate significantly affected body surface temperature (P < 0.05). The body surface temperature only varied with growth rate in piglets 12 and 14 days old after birth (P < 0.05). In conclusion, infrared thermography might be useful for the detection of body surface temperature that can be used as an indication of growth performance in piglets with health problems.

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An arginine residue in loop 4 connecting β strand 4 and α-helix 4 is conserved in glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) xylanases. The arginine residues, Arg²⁰⁴ in xylanase A from Bacillus halodurans C-125 (XynA) and Arg¹⁹⁶ in xylanase B from Clostridium stercorarium F9 (XynB), were replaced by glutamic acid, lysine, or glutamine residues (XynA R204E, K and Q, and XynB R196E, K and Q). The pH-k_cat⁄K_m and the pH-k_cat relationships of these mutant enzymes were measured. The pK_e2 and pK_es2 values calculated from these curves were 8.59 and 8.29 (R204E), 8.59 and 8.10 (R204K), 8.61 and 8.19 (R204Q), 7.42 and 7.19 (R196E), 7.49 and 7.18 (R196K), and 7.86 and 7.38 (R196Q) respectively. Only the pK_es2 value of arginine derivatives was less than those of the wild types (8.49 and 9.39 [XynA] and 7.62 and 7.82 [XynB]). These results suggest that the conserved arginine residue in GH10 xylanases increases the pK_a value of the proton donor Glu during substrate binding. The arginine residue is considered to clamp the proton donor and subsite +1 to prevent structural change during substrate binding.

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