近年、「多様性」もしくは「ダイバーシティ」という言葉がさまざまな媒体で取り上げられており、我々の創薬の現場においてもその重要性が広く認識されている。一方で、「多様性」という言葉についてはさまざまな意味で使われており、多様性とは何か、また多様性がどのように創薬に貢献できるかという点については、各個人で意見が異なると思われる。筆者は幸運にも2019年4月から約1年半、米国で研究生活を送る機会を得た。この海外での研究生活において学んだ「多様性」について、以下に私見を記したい。拙文ながら、皆様の研究生活に少しでもお役に立つことができれば幸いである。

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酸化ストレスは、慢性腎臓病（CKD）の進行の一因である。Keap1-Nrf2タンパク質間相互作用（PPI）の阻害によるNrf2の活性化は、CKD治療の新たな手段として注目されている。筆者らは、ハイスループットスクリーニング（HTS）により、物性に優れた新規PPI阻害剤2を見出した。その後、構造および計算機化学を用いた解析を行い、メチル基とフルオロ基のみの導入により400倍以上の活性向上を示すリード化合物6の創製に成功した。これら劇的な置換基効果は、等温滴定カロリメトリー（ITC）による解析により説明可能であった。化合物6は、高い経口吸収性と持続性を示し、ラット腎臓で抗酸化タンパク質heme oxigenase-1（HO-1）を増加させた。本稿では、構造活性相関（SAR）とともに、メチル基とフルオロ基の効果について紹介したい。

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[Purpose] An insufficient head control is the most troublesome condition for children with impaired mobility who require optimal seating. [Subjects and Methods] We report on the clinical trial of the newly developed head & neck positioning & support system called for locomotively disabled children with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). [Results] Two major advantages of the were observed in the trial. The first was its favorable effect on the alignment of the spine to prevent scoliosis and to provide stable breathing and optimal seating, which resulted in improvement of the children’s activities of daily living (ADL). The second was its direct application of force to the head rather than indirectly to the pelvis in a conventional seat arrangement. The conventional way of head support is based on stabilization of the trunk which is based on stabilization of the pelvis by some seating arrangement. [Conclusion] The trial of the device demonstrated its usefulness in helping PVL children with insufficient head control develop their abilities while preventing secondary disability.

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We propose an adaptive reversible data hiding method with superior visual quality and capacity in which an adaptive generalized difference expansion (AGDE) method is applied to an integer-to-integer subband transform (-ST). -ST performs the reversible subband transform and the AGDE method is a state-of-the-art method of reversible data hiding. The results of experiments we performed objectively and perceptually show that the proposed method has better visual quality than conventional methods at the same embedding rate due to low variance in the frequency domain.

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DP約20のアミロースを用いてアミロース・ヨウ素錯体の青色発色機構を, CDと吸収スペクトルのストップトフロー同時測定により検討した. 結合ヨウ素種がI^-₃のみで, アミロース濃度がI^-₃濃度に比べて大過剰のとき, 錯体形成は2段階過程が観測された. 第1段階は288nmと353nm近傍に正の誘起CD帯を伴うI^-₃とアミロースに基づく無青色錯体が生成した. 第2段階は錯体の青色発色に関与する2量体I^-₃・I^-₃が生成した. 一方, ヨウ素の発色種が・-₃となるKI不在下における錯体形成は見掛け上1段階反応で進行した. 青色発色種I^-₃・I^-₃形成の見掛けの初速度は・-₃より小さく見積られた. 青色発色種・-₃は, 2個のI^-₃間に比べてI₂とI^-₃間の協同的相互作用により, 形成が容易なことが示唆された.

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The Euler top described by the equations I₁ frac d ω₁ d t =(-)ω₂ ω₃, I₂ frac d ω₂ d t =(I₃-I₁)ω₃ ω₁, I₃ frac d ω₃ d t =(I₁-I₂)ω₁ ω₂, is discretized in the following form I₁[ω₁(t+δ)-ω₁(t)] = frac12 δ (-)[ω₂(t+δ)ω₃(t)+ω₂(t) ω₃(t+ δ)], I₂[ω₂(t+δ)-ω₂(t)] = frac12 δ (I₃-I₁)[ω₃(t+δ) ω₁(t)+ω₃(t) ω₁(t+ δ)], I₃[ω₃(t+δ)-ω₃(t)] = frac12 δ (I₁-I₂)[ω₁(t+δ) ω₂(t)+ω₁(t) ω₂(t+δ)], which exhibits conserved quantities and exact solutions.

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Part 1 reported on empirical formulas by which we can predict a mixed color from the chromaticity of the colors for mixing. Deviation coefficient F can be shown by this equation: F=mlog(S₁/S₂) Where S₁ and S₂ are the tristimulus values of each of two colors for mixing. Here is a report on the method of fixing proportional constant m in the foregoing equation.
(1) We define optical diffusibility D, which comprehensively shows the phase of the outermost layers of yarns, as follows: D=∫

i₂i₁B_i

*d_i/∫

i₂i₁B₀

*d_i where B_i* is normalized brightness on the surface of the materials used; and B₀* is normalized brightness on a perfectly diffused surface.
(2) The value of m can be instantly fixed by optical diffusibility D according to the way of color-mixing. Therefore, deviation coefficient F can be fixed by obtaining the ratio of S₁ to S₂.
(3) This Method can be applied only to materials of medium or high luminosity. It must be avoided if one or both materials are extremely low in luminosity.

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アミロース・ヨウ素錯体の吸収及び円二色性 (CD) スベクトルに及ぼすI^-濃度効果を, 広範囲のI^-濃度領域 (0～2×10^-2MKI) にわたり検討した. 600nm近傍にある錯体の最大吸収帯は, I^-濃度の増加に伴い強度の増加及び短波長移動を示した. これに対応して観測される正負対称なCD帯は, 吸収と同様の挙動を示した. しかしながら, 光学異方性因子g_max及び最大吸収波長λ_maxは, I^-₃の結合モル分率Rに対して直線的に変化し, R=0.5においてそれぞれ, g_maxは極小値及びλ_maxは屈曲点を示した. R=1及びR=0.5における錯体のスベクトルに基づく波形解析により, 錯体には独立した3種のスベクトル種の存在が明らかとなった. 電子論的考察に基づき, これらのスベクトル種は独立した3種のヨウ素発色種. . , . -₃, 及びI^-3. I^-3と帰属された. その結果, I^-濃度に伴う錯体のスベクトル変化は, 3種のヨウ素発色種の存在分布の変化に起因することがわかった.

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アトピー性皮膚炎（AD）は，国内患者数51万人以上，医療費に労働生産性の損失を加えた費用が年間3兆円と言われる慢性皮膚疾患である。本疾患は，免疫系異常，皮膚バリア機能異常，瘙痒が協奏的に働くため，三者全てに効果を示す薬剤が求められてきた。本稿では，新規AD外用薬としては国内20年ぶり，また外用JAK阻害薬として世界初となるdelgocitinib軟膏（コレクチム^®）の創製ヒストリーについて紹介する。

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A new high speed photometric ellipsometer consisting of simple optical elements, electronics, and personal computer is developed. Data acquisition time of the new ellipsometer is only limited by the response time of the photodetector's circuitry. This ellipsometer, having no moving parts, is suitable for measuring film thickness moving fast in the process line, where no conventional ellipsometer can be applied.
In this proposed apparatus, a certain polarized light (ex. linearly or circularly) is used as an incident beam and the reflected beam from the object is split into 3 beams through the beam splitter which consists of 3 or 4 optical pararells. The intensity of each beam transmitted through the analyzer with a certain azimuth angle is measured by the photodetector.
Each intensity signal multiplied by the gain factor for each channel, denoted by I₁, , , can be used to derive the two ellipsometric parameters. The analysis with Jone's vector representation shows that the ellipsometric parameters cosΔ, tanψ are expressed as follows; cosΔ=I₃-I₂/2I₁√I₁/+-I₁, tanψ=σ₁σ₂√I₁/+-I₁where incident beam is linearly polarized (azimuth -45°), the azimuth angle of each analyzer is 0° (ch. 1), 45° (ch. 2), -45° (ch. 3) respectively, and σ₁σ₂ is a constant determined by the refractive index and the angle between the reflected beam and the beam splitter.
The precision of cosΔ and tanψ by this ellipsometer is on the order of 5.0×10^-4.
This new ellipsometer is applied to measure oil film with thickness of order 0-100Å coated on tinned steel sheet moving at a speed of 300m/min. In this case, the following considerations are further taken into account.
1. Linear relation between ellipsometric parameter cosΔ and film thickness d is used.
2. Two lasers (He-Ne laser, Ar laser) with different wavelength λ₁, λ₂ are used to eliminated the ellipsometric parameter cosΔ₀ of substrate which changes continuously.
Oil film thickness measured by the new ellipsometer and those by conventional off-line method (hydrophil balance method) are agreed within the uncertainly of 1mg/m² (corresponding thickness is about 11Å).

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非圧縮性を有する等方性粘弾性物質の有限変形下における力学的性質に関する研究は, 理論的にはゴム弾性の統計理論および熱力学の応用により数多くの研究結果が報告されている。一方, 連続体の理論を応用した現象論の立場からみると, 任意の有限変形下における応力とひずみの関係を一般的に記述するためには二軸実験が必須であるにもかかわらず, この種の実験結果は数少なく, ほとんどが単純伸長実験によるものである。
先に加硫天然ゴム, および加硫 NBR (アクリロニトリル-ブタジエンゴム) について, 直交二軸変形下における応力をそれぞれ平衡状態および応力緩和過程において測定し, ひずみエネルギー関数Wの変形テンソルの不変量 I₁, I₂ の偏微分関数 ∂W(I₁,)/∂,∂W(I₁,)/∂ の加硫度依存性, 温度依存性等について報告した。本報では結合アクリロニトリルの分率の異なる三種の加硫 NBR (アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン共重合体ゴム) について直交二軸応力緩和実験を行い, 応力 f_i(λ₁,λ₂,t), (i=1,2) の伸長比 (λ₁,λ₂) 依存性, ∂W(I₁,)/∂ の時間依存性, および単純伸長特性と ∂W(I₁,)/∂ との相関に焦点をしぼって, これら三種のゴムの特性を比較し, 検討を加える。

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近年，深海探査の要求は高まっており，低コストで簡易な深海探査システムの実現が望まれている．江戸っ子1号プロジェクトは，東京下町の中小企業，大学，研究機関，金融機関，企業有志がフリーフォール型の簡易深海探査システム実現を目的として集まって実施したプロジェクトである．プロジェクトでは，深海7800 mでの3Dビデオ撮影に成功している．このプロジェクトに参加した筆者らは，江戸っ子1号プロジェクトで使用したフリーフォール型深海探査システムのガラス球内部に温度センサと気圧センサを設置し，深海の温度プロファイル，着底，離底の検知ができないかを検討した．その結果，センサ出力から得られる体積変化分から着底，離底の検出が可能となることを確認した．

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アミロース・ヨウ素錯体の分光学的特性を支配する要因を解明するため, 錯体のヨウ素発色種に関するアミロースの分子量効果を広範囲のI^-濃度において検討した. アミロースとヨウ素に基づく青色錯体の生成は, 重合度 (DP) 約20以上で最初に認められ, 200nmと560nm近傍に正負のCD帯が観察された. 600nm近傍の最大吸収帯は, アミロースのDPが約100まで増加するに従って, 対応するCD帯の強度の増加を伴い, 長波長移動及び分子吸光係数の増加を示した. スペクトル解析の結果, DP約20のアミロースにおける錯体の吸収及びCDスペクトルは, ・-₃及びI^-₃I^-₃の2種の青色発色種のスペクトル分布に基づくことが判明し, DP約35以上の錯体では・を含む3種の青色発色種が確認された. 電子論的考察により, 錯体の分光学的特性に及ぼすDPの効果は, アミロース格子中の結合I₂あるいはI^-₃の電子状態とその幾何配置がDPに対応して変化することの結果と解釈された.

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Characteristics of rainfall-induced salt leaching was investigated in a field after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation under irrigation by synthetic saline water, which was prepared by mixing sodium chloride (NaCl) with fresh water pumped from a borehole well. The treatments of the experiment — I₁: root zone soil with salinity 0.12 dS m ⁻¹, and , , I₄ and I₅: root zone soils with salinity 0.39, 0.51, 0.69 and 0.86 dS m ⁻¹, respectively — had three replications. The soil salinities were developed due to irrigation by fresh water (of 0.385-dS m ⁻¹ background salinity) for I₁ and by saline water of 4, 7, 10 and 13 dS m ⁻¹ salinity for , , I₄ and I₅, respectively. Soil samples were collected from each plot from 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers at 15 (in a few cases at 30) days interval during rainy season (April–September 2011) after harvesting of the crop. By measuring electrical conductivity (EC) on saturation extracts of the samples salt dynamics at the three soil layers under the five irrigation treatments were characterized. Variation of soil pH due to the leaching process was also evaluated by measuring pH of the soil extracts. At the end of rainy season, the salt that accumulated in the soil due to irrigation by saline water leached almost completely out of the top 0–20-cm soil layer in all treatments. The salt from the upper layer leached down and initially elevated salinity of the lower layers. Salinity in the bottom layer of – treatments did not reduce to pre-irrigation non-saline level, implying that rainfall, although a substantial amount (1673 mm) could not wash out the imposed salinity from the root zone soil. At the early period of leaching, both the frequency and quantity of rainfall were relatively small, but the rate of reduction of EC in the soil profile was quite substantial and rapid, especially in the soil with high salinities (e.g., I₄ and I₅). At the later period, on the other hand, the rate of EC reduction slowed down although the frequency and quantity of rainfall were higher than at the early period of leaching. The salt removal rate was thus inversely related to its concentration in the soil. It is concluded that, irrigation by saline water of EC 4, 7, 10 and 13 dS m ⁻¹ caused accumulation of salt in the soil in excess of that washed out by the monsoon rainfall.

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Effects of intrarenal-arterial (i.r.a.) and intravenous (i.v.) infusions of PGE₂, I₂ and F_2α on systemic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), renal blood flow (RBF), urine volume (UV), renal function and plasma renin activity (PRA) of the renal venous blood (RVPRA) were investigated. A dose-dependent fall in BP was observed with PGE₂ and I₂ and was accompanied by a tachycardia (PGE₂<, .r.a.<i.v.). PGE₂ and I₂ induced increases in RBF and UV in a roughly dose-dependent manner (PGE₂>, .r.a.>i.v.), however, antidiuresis was observed with the highest intravenously given dose of PGI₂ (300 ng/kg/min) such being ascribed to a pronounced hypotension. Changes in electrolyte excretion induced by PGE₂ and I₂ were similar to the pattern of those in RBF or UV. Neither PGE₂ or I₂ produced any significant changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The diuretic effect of PGE₂ and F_2α correlated with osmolar clearance (C_osm) (r=0.89, p<0.01 ; r=0.55, p<0.01) and free water clearance (C_H2O) (r=0.52, p<0.01 ; r=0.83, p<0.01), whereas that of PGI₂, only with C_osm (r=0.74, p<0.01). PGF_2α produced the weakest changes in the parameters described above. PGE₂ and I₂ (30 ng/kg/min, i.r.a.), but not PGF_2α, produced a significant elevation of RVPRA without any significant change in BP. These findings suggest that PGE₂ plays a primary role in the kidney, whereas PGI₂ is important in the regulation of the systemic circulation, and that PGE₂, I₂ and F_2α all have different modes of action in producing diuresis. Both PGE₂ and I₂ may participate in the control of renin secretion.

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Electronic properties of AB-stacked nanographite ribbons depend on the edge structure, the ribbon width (N_y), and the ribbon number (N_z). All zigzag ribbons are metals, while armchair ribbons are metals only for N_y=3+ ( an integer). The dependence of energy gap on the ribbon number is weak for the semiconducting armchair multiribbons with N_z>5. The semiconductor-metal transition is absent in the increasing of N_z. Density of states exhibits many special structures. The interlayer interactions would affect the energy dispersions of band structures. They could induce the hybridization of energy bands, the new partial flat bands along the k_x- or k_z-direction, the asymmetry of the electronic structure about the Fermi level, the change from the direct energy gap into the indirect energy gap, the destruction of the state degeneracy, and the alternation of the special structures in the density of states.

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A total of 406 observations on dental eruption was obtained from 343 Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) of known birthdays (Table 1).
The order of the beginning of eruption was estimated as (M₁, M¹), (I¹, I₁), (, ), (M₂, M²), (PPPP), (C, , C'), (M₃, M³) for male and (M₁, M¹), (I¹, I₁), (, ), (M₂, M²), (C, , P₃, P³, C', P₄, P⁴), (M₃, M³) for female.
Among 406 observations, 270 were used for statistics of the eruption age, because the remaining 136 which were obtained from monkeys of Shiga and Koshima show a fair degree of delay in the eruption age as a whole. The statistical results were shown in Tables 2 and 3, and a norm of the eruption age as a tentative interpretation was given in Table 4 with a footnote concerning the delay of eruption in monkeys of Shiga and Koshima. Interpretation of the delay in these monkeys is difficult, though the delay in monkeys of Koshima may be related to the general delay of their growth which has been caused by their isolation on a small islet.
From the comparison of the present results and related reports on macaques (Table 5), it is apparent that among four species, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina and M. fuscata, the eruption is comparatively late in M. fuscata for most teeth, and it is generally earlier in female than male for every tooth except for M3 which erupts at similar age in both sexes or earlier in male than female especially in M. mulatta. Sexual difference in the eruption age of C, and possibly of P3, is relatively small in M. fascicularis and large in M. nemestrina. It seems that these interspecific differences are more or less related to those in body size and canine size.

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A hundred milligram of UO₂ was irradiated in JRR-4 (burn up 0.017%) and dissolved in boiling 3 M-HNO₃ (20 ml) to study the behavior of fission-product iodine (¹³¹I, 1 ng). During the dissolution, 8090% of the iodine volatilized together with ¹³³ Xe. Zeolitel3X (4g) trapped completely the iodine in the dissolver off-gas. Blowing a NO₂ flow through the solution was effective for expulsion of the remaining iodine and finally 9095% of the initial iodine was removed from the solution with the aid of addition of KIO₃. The iodine species in the solution includes , -, IO₃^- (IO₄^-), organic iodides and other unknown species. The expulsion operations caused the unknown species to increase in relative abundance. This tendency was also noticed for iodine of higher concentration in 3 M-HNO₃.

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