For the treatment of the acromio-clavicular joint dislocation we have over 50 conservative methods and over 30 operative methods.
But only a few reports gave the long-term follow-up and comparative studies of each method.
According to their reports, we have traced the very good results to the conservatively-treated cases (-Howards Harness) even in the IIIrd degree dislocation in the fresh cases and to Gurd's operative method in the old cases.

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ザンビア国モンゼ県に住む伝統牛を飼育する小規模農家を対象に, 質問表を使い牛の飼養管理状況と生産性に関する調査を実施した。放牧パターンにより地域を3つに分けた後, 各地域内では2段階クラスター無作為抽出方法を使い農家を選んだ。この調査は1998年の2月から6月にかけて行われ, 125軒の農家を訪問して口頭で情報を収集した。牛飼育頭数の平均は24頭で, その内訳は雌牛48%, 去勢牛18%, 子牛18%, 未経産牛14%と種牛3%であった。22%の農民がカフエ平地を乾期の放牧地として使っていたが, 平地周辺に住む住民だけであった。また, 約70%の農民はダニの駆除を実施していた。全体の死亡率と子牛の死亡率は共に32%であり, コリドー病が死亡の一番の原因であると推測した。繁殖率, 売却と購入率の平均値は, それぞれ, 57%, 13%と2%であった。

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Although previous studies have verified that perspective-taking differs according to the individuals involved and their relationships, the balance between individual and relationship effects remains unclear. Thus, we examined perspective-taking in families based on the social relations model (

, Kashy, & Cook, 2006). We conducted a triadic survey of 380 undergraduates and their fathers and mothers. We analyzed the triadic responses of the 166 families in which all three members completed the survey. It was found that perspective-taking in families is affected by the family itself, each actor, fathers as partners and all dyadic relationships. The relative contributions of individual effects and relationship effects differed between parent-child relationships and marital relationships. We discuss the implications of our findings for enhancing perspective-taking.

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Following the onset of exercise there is a sudden increase in metabolic heat production that cannot be initially offset by the body's heat loss mechanisms. During this thermal imbalance a change in body heat content (ΔH_b) occurs. The only way the value for ΔH_b can be truly determined is by performing simultaneous direct measurements of the rates of heat production and heat loss. There are several calorimetric methods that can be used to quantify these values. The most accurate and simple method for measuring the rate of heat production is by separately calculating the energy released from the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates using indirect calorimetry, while direct air flow calorimetry provides the most accurate and responsive measurement of total body heat loss. Thermometry is often used as a surrogate for calorimetry by estimating mean body temperature and subsequently deriving a value for ΔH_b. The most common thermometry approach, the 2-compartment model of “core” and “shell” temperature, has been demonstrated to greatly underestimate ΔH_b. The inclusion of a third compartment representing the thermal influences of muscle tissue has been demonstrated to provide a better thermometric estimation of ΔH_b; however this requires the invasive measurement of intramuscular temperature. A modified 2-compartment thermometry model incorporating an “adjustment factor” correcting for the underestimation of the traditional model for ΔH_b appears to be the most practical alternative. Further research is required to develop thermometry model for the better estimation of ΔH_b under various conditions.

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1993年から94年にかけてザンビア国ルサカ州全域の伝統農家の多数の牛が死亡した。発生状況から気腫疽が疑われた。緊急にワクチン接種が行われ, その後は死亡例の報告は見られなかった。当時, 細菌学的診断も含めて発生原因に関する調査は何も実施されなかった。そこで過去にさかのぼり, 患畜対照研究を行い, 気腫疽が原因と疑われた死亡例があった農家群と, 気腫疽や気腫疽に類似した症例がなかった農家群の2つのグループから, 家畜飼育方法などの危険因子と考えられるデータを集めた。そして, これらの危険因子と死亡例があった農家との間に関連性があるのかについて統計学的解析をした。牛飼育総経験年数と川や貯水池などの自然水系を牛の飲料水として使っているという, 2つの危険因子が疾病の発生と関連していることが明らかになった。この結果は, 気腫疽発生に関して, どの農家がリスクが高いか, またどこから土壌サンプルを採取すべきかなど土壌汚染地域を見つける調査指標として, 有効な情報となりうる。

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[Purpose] Examine the age-related deterioration of attentional capacity and predictive validity of multi-tasking performances for falls in adults aged 75 and older. [Methods] This study involved 45 elderly individuals and 15 healthy and young volunteers. Reaction times to a visual stimulus were measured under three different conditions: 1) stepping in place (dual-tasking condition with dynamic balance demands); 2) counting backwards during quiet standing (dual-tasking condition with cognitive demands); and 3) counting backwards while stepping in place (triple-tasking condition). The participating elderly individuals reported subsequent falls after a 5-month follow-up period. [Results] Elderly adults demonstrated significantly longer reaction time responses in all task conditions in comparison to young adults. There were statistically significant differences in reaction times between fallers and non-fallers during dual-tasking conditions, but not during triple-tasking conditions. The slower reaction times during dual-tasking conditions with dynamic balance demands were significantly related to the occurrence of subsequent falls, whereas there was only a weak association in model-adjusted physical performance tests. [Conclusions] Attentional capacity in multi-tasking conditions decreases with aging. Slow reaction time response during dual-tasking conditions with dynamic balance demands may be a predictor of falls in adults aged 75 and older.

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夏の暑い日には汗が出て，不快に思う人も多いかもしれないが，発汗は体温調節反応として重要な役割を果たし，我々にとって欠かせない機能の１つである．発汗研究はin vitroでの実験を中心に行われ，その結果，汗生成の様々なメカニズムが明らかとなった．しかし，in vitroでの汗腺の応答が，体温上昇時のヒトの発汗応答と必ずしも同様であるとは限らない．本総説では，in vitroの汗腺の研究結果を紹介しながら，最近の in vivoにおけるヒトの発汗メカニズム研究の知見について概説する．

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The boiling method deviced in accordance with the extraction procedure of secretin was applied to the extraction of gut glucagon-like immunoreactive material (GLI) and compared with the acid alcohol method of with respect to efficiency of the extraction and property of the extracted materials. GLI was extracted from minced porcine small intestine by each method. The total amount of GLI extracted by the boiling method was 14.45±2.07μg/10g small intestine (mean±S. E.), showing a high yield as compared to 4.07±0.29μg/10g small intestine obtained by the acid alcohol method. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.005).
The gel chromatogram of the acid alcohol extract was separated into two peaks; peak I appeared before the insulin marker, while peak II was eluted with the glucagon marker. The chromatogram of the boiling extract has a main broad fraction including insulin marker and a minor second peak corresponding to peak II of the acid alcohol extract. Boiling of the acid alcohol extract did not cause any shift of peak I in chromatogram.
GLI present in the first half of the main fraction of the boiling extract was different from that in the latter half, but identical to peak I of the acid alcohol extract with respect to the immunoreactivity against glucagon antibody.
It is concluded that in the extraction of GLI not only high yield is achieved but one or more new components is picked up by the boiling procedure as compared to the acid alcohol method.

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With ideas and suggestions from Kurt Lewin's approach to psychology (1935), a new approach to personality psychology is proposed. It is argued that models of internal processes and their parameters should be central for our understanding of personality. Kurt Lewin's view of human behavior as a function of the person and situation is described and named here as process interactionism. Personality variables of our new paradigm are person and process variables. Person variables are indices of internal individual differences, and process variables are those measured to tap the processes within the person that reflect situational changes postulated in Lewin's interactionism. The variables then are analyzed to examine possible mediational and moderational models. Finally, self theories in the framework of 'social psychology of self process' (Nakamura, 1990) are reviewed, and their characteristics and limitations discussed. It is suggested that we need models of internal motivational and self-regulatory processes in order to understand the self in particular, and our personality in general.

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A broad investigation into the hydrodynamics of liquid mercury has been motivated of late by its use in MW-scale spallation neutron sources. One area of particular concern relates to the erosion suffered by vessel walls from the cumulative effects of liquid mercury droplet impacts arising from the collapse of cavitation bubbles. The low speed (< 5m/s) range of such events forms the focus of this paper and to this end a series of experiments is conducted on spherical droplets of diameter 2:5mm impacting upon a dry quartz surface. A reasonable simulation of such impacts is made possible by using the VOF (volume of fluid) solver interFoam (a part of the open source package OpenFOAM) in combination with an empirical expression for the dynamic contact angle of the air-mercury-quartz system. This latter represents a ‘best fit’ to data obtained from high resolution imaging of the droplet profile for a range of contact line velocities. Experiment and simulation are subsequently compared throughout the stages of initial deposition, spread, recession with break-up and, finally, bounce.

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Based on the affinity of α_1D-adrenoceptor subtype for a selective antagonist BMY 7378, we studied its functional role in rabbit thoracic aorta and iliac artery, and evaluated the subtypes of the α₁-adrenoceptors that are activated by phenylephrine (a full agonist) and tizanidine (a partial agonist). In thoracic aorta, the concentration-response curves of phenylephrine and tizanidine were antagonized by BMY 7378 with low potency (pA₂ values 6.68±0.06 and 6.67±0.06, slopes of Schild plot 1.06±0.04. and 1.01±0.04, respectively). On the other hand, in iliac artery concentration-response curves for phenylephrine were potently antagonized by a low concentration of BMY 7378, and the slope (0.75±0.02) of the Schild plot was significantly different from unity. In iliac artery, a concentration-response curve of tizanidine was antagonized by BMY 7378 with low potency (pA₂ value 6.64±0.08, slope of Schild plot 1.01±0.05). These results suggest that an α_1D-adrenoceptor subtype contributes to α₁-adrenoceptor mediating muscle contraction in iliac artery, but not in thoracic aorta of rabbit, and that it is activated by a full agonist phenylephrine but not by a partial agonist tizanidine.

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Objectives: The review paper addresses current interests among golfers emphasizing importance of physical improvement specifically on flexibility, balance and stability, and strength and power. Design: The review paper contains two different perspectives of golf literature, and establishes evidence-based training design. Methods: Golf biomechanics has been investigated scientifically over several decades to identify the vital components of superior golf swing mechanism from various levels of golfers and computer simulations. This paper introduces two aspects of an up-to date literature; 1) performance-based research on driving/shot performance and its variability, and 2) clinical-based research specifically on low back stress, spinal stabilization mechanism, and trunk/spinal muscular activation. The final part of the paper addresses the appropriate training design for golfers. Results: Both performance and clinical aspects of information are well established to guide evidence-based training for golfers. Conclusion: The recommendations are specifically for flexibility and resistance training to enhance overall physical fitness for golf performance.

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