In a loose abrasive polishing of a silicon wafer, the polishing slurry is discarded as waste. In This study, we have devised a new polishing pad (the Pad) that reduces the amount of waste. We examined the amount of waste and the polishing performance of the Pad. The Pad is found to reduce the amount of waste to 1/200 to 1/10,000, in comparison with the loose abrasive polishing. The removal rate and surface roughness of the Pad is almost equivalent to the loose abrasive polishing, and the temperature dependence of the Pad is smaller.

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This paper reviews work on olfactory function performed in the author's laboratory over the last 10 years. The following aspects of this work are covered.
Neocortical olfactory areas were studied in old world monkeys. Olfactory responses were found in the lateroposterior and centroposterior portions of the orbitofrontal cortex (LPOF and CPOF). The routes of the olfactory nerve pathways to the LPOF and the CPOF were examined. An olfactory pathway to the lateral hypothalamic area () was also studied. Using unanesthetized monkeys, information processing of odors was studied in the OB, PPF-MA, LPOF, MDmc, CPOF, and . In the LPOF and , half or more of the cells responded differentially to one odor. We have thus been able to clearly demonstrate discrimination of odors at the cell level in these areas.

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The central nervous system is important in coordinating behavioral and autonomic control of homeostasis in response to outer and inner environmental changes. Multiplex neuronal networks of efferent and afferent autonomic nerves, plus various neuronal structures contribute to integration of information to control feeding behavior as well as visceral functions. Chemosensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area () that receive and respond to humoral information, such as blood-borne chemicals and hormones, have been identified in this area. The information received here by the chemosensitive neurons themselves, or through afferent neuronal connection from the brain stem or viscera is further integrated by communication between the hypothalamus and the association cortices. The also regulates autonomic nerve projections to visceral organs such as the liver, pancress and gastrointestinal tract through the efferent path to the autonomic preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and the spinal cord. Intracerebroventricular administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) induced feeding behavior, hyperglycemia, and excitation and inhibition of neuronal activity which indicates involvement of chemosensitive neurons in the control of feeding behavior. Direct application of 2-DG into the increased adrenal sympathetic nerve activity and decreased sympathetic nerve activity to the brown adipose tissue (BAT). This indicates that glucoprivation induced by 2-DG affects neuronal activity, and some of the signals received by chemosensitive neurons are reflected in the control of behavior, while others are projected to the autonomic nervous system. Excitatory effects on adrenal nerves promote catecholamine secretion and hyperglycemia. Inhibitory effects on BAT sympathetic nerves suppress thermogenesis and energy expenditure in this tissue. All of these responses are considered to be necesary for the maintenance of the homeostasis in response to a challenge of the central nervous system. From this view point, disturbance of feeding behavior in obese patients is considered to be a result of abnormality in the transduction of information that simultaneously controls behavior and visceral functions. These patients have unbalance and dissociation of communication between the association cortices, the hypothalamus and peripheral metabolism. Consequently, higher functions such as memory and motivation in cortical neurons, and external information received by them strongly effect their feeding behavior. Behavioral disorder in obese patients can impair peripheral metabolism, and the resultant incorrect humoral information can further disturb behavioral control. One of the most important factors in the treatment of obesity is escape from this vicious cycle of information transduction. To accomplish that, it is necessary to input appropriate information produced by sensory signals into patients themselves. Their neuronal systems must be conditioned to detect the difference between correct and incorrect information, and reflect this ability in behavioral control. Finally, the recovery of physiological control is expected as an object of treatment.

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The activity of single neurones in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized estrogen-treated cats immobilized by gallamine triethiodide was recorded by means of steel microelectrodes with simultaneous observation of presigmoidal EEG. Alterations in the firing rates of single units were analyzed during and after vaginal stimulation during anestrus and estrus animal. Unit responses to LH (3 Armour units) and oxytocin (0.3 U.) injection were also observed both at the anestrous and estrous states.
1. In the VMH of the hypothalamus, neurones were found which responded to LH administration by a long lasting decrease in unit firing rate with latency of 10-20 minutes in estrus and anestrus. Some ARC neurones showed an increase during estrus, and also an increase to a less degree in anestrus. Also, in the AHA some neurones were found which increased in discharge rate, but the change was less remarkable. The changes in the or the PHY neurones were not clear.
2. Oxytocin sensitive neurones discrete from LH sensitive neurones were found in the hypothalamus. The unit discharge rate increased or decreased with latency of 40-80 seconds lasting for several minutes according to electrode location and to the phase of the sexual cycle.
The VMH neuronal activity showed a slight facilitation in estrus but a strong inhibition in anestrus. In the ventromedial part of the and the AHA the unitary activity was inhibited by oxytocin during estrus, but facilitated in anestrus. Distribution of responsive neurones in the dorsolateral portion of was quite disperse.
3. The VMH neurones discharged in accordance with the change in presigmoidal EEG pattern. During vaginal stimulation in estrus the VMH neural. activity was inhibited or unchanged but after cessation of the stimulation it showed a transient facilitation with simultaneous appearance of spindle bursts. in presigmoidal EEG. A marked inhibition followed which lasted for more than 20 minutes, with cortical EEG spindle bursts intermingled with arousal waves.
Some AHA neurones in estrus showed a marked facilitation during vaginal stimulation, but no after-reaction was observed.
Most neurones in the ventromedial part of the , both in estrus and anestrus, showed increased firing activity during vaginal stimulation. After the cessation of stimulation the activity began to decline simultaneously with the appearance of spindle bursts in the presigmoidal EEG, and after about 10 minutes the initial state was restored. Long-term alteration, such as that seen in the VMH, was not observed.
During estrus the neurones in the dorsolateral part of the showed a transient increase in discharge activity after vaginal stimulation independent of the changes in presigmoidal EEG activity. In anestrus these neurones did not respond to vaginal stimulation.
Stimulation by other means such as pinching or touching, had an effect similar to vaginal stimulation, except that no after-reaction occurred.

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The solvent effect on the oxidation of N, N-diethylnerylamine (NA) by 60% H₂O₂ aq.solution was examined. In alcohols, unreacted NA was little and N, N-diethylnerylamineoxide (NAO) was obtained in high yield. In aprotic solvents, a large amount of O-linalyl-N, N-diethylhydroxylamine () was formed by the Meisenheimer rearrangement of NAO and much unreacted NA remained. The yield of (NAO+) was low, therefore aprotic solvents were unsuitable for the practical use. Further, the behavior of in alcohols was studied and it was found that rearranged to NAO in alcohols and this was a reversible reaction.
From these results, the mechanism of solvent effect was discussed in connection with the function of the hydroxy group of solvents stabilizing NAO.

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This paper examines whether a polishing pad with abrasive grain can be adapted for oxide CMP (ILD CMP and STI CMP), which is currently performed by free abrasive polishing. Using the Loosely Held Abrasive () pad that is effective in the polishing of silicon wafers, silicon oxide and silicon nitride films are polished, and the polishing selectivity and performance are investigated. In the CMP of a silicon oxide film, it is revealed that the removal rate using the combination of the pad and water is 1.6 times more than that using slurry and is compatible in the almost equivalent non-uniformity within a wafer. In free abrasive polishing, the polishing selectivity of a silicon oxide film is 1.4 times that of a silicon nitride film; however, in the case of the pad, it was revealed that the polishing selectivity is 10 times or more. The pad, which is a polishing pad with abrasive grain, can be adapted for ILD CMP and STI CMP, and the polishing selectivity and performance is better than free abrasive polishing.

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Hyaluronan (HA) possesses radical scavenging properties. The low molecular weight HA (

)-containing drink (PL) is a dietary supplement that consists of several antioxidants in addition to . The aim of this study is to characterize the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of through the interactions between the components of PL in in vitro assays. Moreover, the efficacy of toward oxidative stresses (ultraviolet C irradiation, oxidative DNA damage) was evaluated. revealed the following hydroxyl radical-scavenging properties: 1) directly scavenges hydroxyl radicals, 2) activity is enhanced in the presence of other PL components, thereby enabling protection against oxidative damage to DNA, and 3) exposure to UVC-radiation temporarily attenuated the antioxidant activity of PL, which is recovered in an -dependent process. These results suggest that is an excellent material because its antioxidative activity is enhanced in the presence of other antioxidants, which ultimately increases resistance to oxidative stress.

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Dramatic changes in a variety of autonomic functions, including blood pressure fluctuation, occur during paradoxical sleep (PS). However, its mechanisms remain to be known. During wakefulness, the lateral hypothalamus and mesopontine tegmental area are considered to have crucial roles in regulation of blood pressure. We have obtained the neurons which increased their activity during PS both from the lateral hypothamlamic area () and the cholinergic nuclei in the mesopontine tegmentum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). We also found that some of these neurons increased their firing several seconds in advance of the increase in blood pressure during PS, suggesting that both the and LDT are driving the increase in blood pressure during PS. By simultaneous recording of the neurons both from the and LDT, it became clear that the LDT neurons start to fire prior to the neurons in association with blood pressure increase during PS. These results indicate that the cholinergic neurons in the LDT drive the to increase blood pressure during PS. [Jpn J Physiol 54 Suppl:S54 (2004)]

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate leg-heel alignment () related to sports injuries of the lower extremities in teen-agers. Subjects comprised 13 patients with sports injuries and 27 normal controls. Injuries included fatigue fracture, tendinitis of Achilles tendon and plantaris, and ilio-tibial band syndrome. We measured in prone and standing positions and the pronation angle (standing--prone-) was calculated as the clinical relevance of subtalar motion. Prone- was not significant in the two groups. But the pronation angle in subjects who had sustained sports injuries was lower than that of normal controls (p<0.01). We concluded that subtalar motion in the sports injury patients was poor compared with normal controls.

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The hypothalamus plays important role in neuro-humoral control of food intake, sexual behavior and relevant visceral functions. (1) The lateral hypothalamic area () has been known as the "feeding center". Electrical and chemical stimulation of the elicit feeding behavior. This area contains a specific group of neurons which are sensitive to glucose, metabolites and hormones which are involved in fedding control. The majority of glucose-sensitive neurons of the monkey decreases in activity during bar-press (food acquisition) and/or reward (food consumption) periods, while glucose-insensitive neurons mainly show excitatory response to cue signals which guide task performance. The task-related firing patterns are differentially regulated by catecholamines and opiod : β-adrenoceptors and opioid receptors are involved in modulation of bar press- and reward-related firing decrease, respectively, while dopamine is related to cue recognition and initiation of food acqusition. (2) The is also involved in promotion of male sexual behavior, however, the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is the main neural substrate of male sexual behavior in the vertebrate. Neuron activity of the MPOA during sexual behavior is intimately related to the level of sexual arousal in the male monkey. Some MPOA neurons of the female monkey also show similar activity pattern during sexual behavior and activity of female MPOA neurons are affected by male's mating acts. (3) The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) is involved in execution of mating acts in the male monkey. DMH neuron activity shows synchronized excitation during mounting and thrusting. (4) The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) has been thought as the center for female sexual behavior and as the "satiety center". VMH stimulation fascilitates female sexual behavior but suppresses feeding behavior in the monkey as well as lower mammals. VMH neurons are excited during presenting that is female sexual behavior of the monkey. A particular type of neurons in the VMH which is characterized by large cell soma and well developed dendrites shows excitatory response to glucose as well as to estrogen, which suggests neural substrates to cntrol feeding and sexual behaviorlind functionally and morphologically. In a hungry state, neural circuit promoting male sexual behavior may be activated, while female sexual activity may be fascilitated in a satiety state.

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Measuring the area of combine-harvested field sections corresponding to a truckload of grain received at a grain elevator (: load harvest area) allows the estimation of brown rice yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of measured based on combine movement traces when the traces were recorded by a GPS or a GPS + Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) receiver. For the measurements using a GPS receiver, the mean and standard deviation of relative errors of were 4.7% and 8.1%. The center of the relative error distribution shifted toward positive because positioning errors of a GPS receiver shifted outer edges of harvested sections outward and resulted in measuring larger harvested area than a true value. For the measurements using a GPS + QZSS receiver, the mean and standard deviation of relative errors of were 0.5% and 4.8%. The center of the relative error distribution was around 0% for its better positioning accuracy. The relative errors of tended to be large when an was measured from a field section where only the outer-part of a field is harvested or several small harvested sections. These cases of measurements increased the sum of the perimeter of harvested sections and resulted in deteriorating the measurement accuracy. This result indicated that measurement accuracy of can be further improved by correcting error, which can be estimated based on positioning errors and the perimeter of harvested sections.

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-RTX-toxin II (ApxII)をコードするappA遺伝子をプローブとしてサザンハイブリダイゼーションを行ったところ, 本遺伝子は10型菌を除いた12の血清型菌に存在することが示された. 10型菌にはappAと弱い相同性を持った遺伝領域(と仮称)が存在した. 本遺伝領域の塩基配列を解析した結果, には, 本菌の持つ105-kDaヘモリジン, ApxIをコードするhlyIA遺伝子の一部と同様の塩基配列が存在した. (hlyIA)配列は血清型10だけでなく血清型1, 5a, 5b, 9及び11型菌にも存在することが明らかになった. また, これらの血清型菌は羊血球に対し強い溶血活性を示し, マウスに対して高い病原性を示した. これらの結果から, ApxIは本菌の病原性に関与していることが示唆された.

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無麻酔のサルを用い, ニオイ刺激に対する視床下部外側野 () の単一神経細胞の発射活動を研究することによって, この領野のニオイ情報処理機構を解析した.その結果, は新皮質の嗅覚領である眼窩前頭野外側後部と同じ程度の高い弁別能をもつことが証明された.そこでHRP (horseradish peroxidase) 法および誘発電位の記録によってに到る嗅覚中枢経路を追究した.に送られるニオイの情報は前梨状葉や扁桃核を経由しないで, 嗅球より内側嗅索を通り中隔野を経由するものと, 外側嗅索を通り嗅結節に到り, 次に中隔野を経由するものの2つの経路の存在が考えられた.

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先報まではパッドにおいてシリコンウェーハと酸化膜の研磨への適用を検討してきた。本報ではパッドでSiCを研磨し、酸化剤とドライミストとの組合せが良好であることが判明した。

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In “Tsong kha pa’s 15 Thangkas Pictorial Biography (Tsong kha pa rnam thar ras bris),” published in the 18th century, there is a single scene that is not supposed to be directly related to Tsong kha pa’s own achievements. The purpose of this investigation is to justify the relationship between Tsong kha pa’s pictorial biography and the contents of the paintings, which are considered to be a scene (the so-called Pho

nas scene) related to Pho nas bSod nams stobs rgyas (1689–1747). As a result of collating references and iconographic materials, I am able to show that the “Pho nas scene” is irrelvant to Tsong kha pa’s own achievements, but is rather only an extra section. Furthermore, it is also clarified that it is a scene created when publishing the woodcuts of the Kanjur and Tanjur, based on Pho nas instructions. It is obvious that the extra scene in “Tsong kha pa’s Pictorial Biography” was dedicated to the remarkable achievements (bsNgo rten) of Pho nas.

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Rice seeds sown directly in unwatered paddy fields are unreliable in their germination and young shoot emergence, though labour for cropping is much saved by such planting method. Effects of tillage operation on rice seed germination and shoot emergence out of soil were studied in unwatered paddy fields of Low-Humus Andosol soil () and Haplic Gray Lowland soil (HGL). Soil macropores holding moisture of more than -10 KPa of water potential were reduced by tillage operation in both soils, though pores corresponding to less than -10 KPa were not affected. After rain fall, tilled field more rapidly dried than untilled ones in both soils especially in . Tillage operation lowered percentage of young shoot emergence in both and HGL fields, and the percentage was higher in field than HGL one regardless of the operation. Also stability of the emergence, which was evaluated based on coefficient of the variance, was reduced by tillage operation. Dominant part of no emergence seeds stopped their sprouting after beginning of root elongation, and percentage of such seeds in total seeds was over that of seeds normally emerging in the tilled HGL field. Only small part of total seeds was unable to emerge by stopping their growth after beginning of both root and shoot elongation, and such seeds were most often observed in tilled HGL field. In a laboratory experiment, beginning of shoot elongation of rice seeds was more delayed than that of root elongation by low soil moisture. Almost all rice seeds started their root elongation within 72 hr of seeding under soil moisture condition of more than -1 MPa, while initiation of shoot germination was repressed negatively corresponding to soil water potential at 72 hr.

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Serotonergic innervation in the lateral hypothalamic area () has been implicated in mouse-killing behavior, muricide, of rats. In the present study, functional activation of neurons in the was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry of Fos-protein, a marker of activated neurons, following raphe lesion-induced muricide. Fos-protein induction was seen in the ventral part of the intermediate hypothalamic area (IHA) of the in the muricide rat. Following raphe transplantation into the brain near the bilateral IHA, a significant decrease in the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells was observed in this area, coinciding with decreased muricide behavior. The present results suggest that the decline in Fos-protein expression in this area may be associated with the inhibition of this behavior.

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GS and GR neurons are deeply involved in the feeding process. The importance of chemosensitive neurons in the regulation of feeding behavior, especially GS neurons in the hypothalamus, is supported by findings in acute rat, chronic rat, and chronic monkey. It is possible to correlate neuronal activity and application of such potentially important materials as glucose to eating related behavior of the monkey. Feeding control in the monkey is mediated in the with its GS neurons that are similar to those found in the rat. These GS neurons are suppressed by NA and 2-DTA, and facilitated by 3-DPA. This agrees with the demonstration that the discharge rate of GS neurons in the monkey increases preceding motions associated with food related tasks. A majority of the non GS neurons did not change in activity during the bar press period.
Since there are direct connections between the extra pyramidal and pyramidal systems and GS neurons, those GS neurons might also be involved in the initiation or regulation of movement related to feeding functions. It seems that the GS neurons in the integrate information regarding these functions and thereby produce overall regulation of feeding behavior. It is also true that endogenous chemicals in the blood directly affect neurons in the NTS, DMV, and elements of vagal afferents in several peripheral organs. Thus, these chemicals affect neurons that in turn control other factors, to create positive or negative feedback loops. Many of the different loops have common, interdependent segments. Thus as shown in Fig. 1B there is a possible hierarchical arrangement of neuronal networks that process chemical information.
The prefrontal cortex and OBF are known to communicate actively with the hypothalamus and respond in synchronism with hypothalamic activity during feeding behavior. Thus, hypothalamic communication with association areas such as the OBF and prefrontal areas plus further integration of exogenous stimuli in these areas may lead to feeding-related decisions which then, in part, return to the visceral organs along paths parallel to those over which the afferent signals originally ascended and/or proceed to the motor system by way of the motor cortex. Finally, the fact that any of the CNS nuclei can have different functional effects on different visceral organs can be attributed, in part at least, to the networks through which they project.

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