The main drawback of using the linear programming (LP) bounds method for computing bounds on the reliability of a general system is that the size of the LP problem increases exponentially with the number of components. Although a multi-scale approach has been proposed to deal with a system with a large number of components, the selection of the subsystems in a multi-scale approach could still be difficult or impossible for a general system. In order to overcome the main drawback of the LP bounds method, the relaxed linear programming (RLP) bounds method was developed for a pure series system and pure parallel system; it provides results comparable to that of the LP bounds method. This paper extends the applicability of linear programming by presenting an approach to handle a general system by decomposing the entire system into subsystems based on failure modes. The proposed approach relies on individual component state probabilities and joint probabilities of the states of a small number of components, and it can provide the bounds for the failure probability of large systems, especially when other methods are not applicable. This paper also presents a strategy for decreasing the number of constraints in the RLP bounds method.

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Developing well-designed presentation slides is challenging for many people, especially novices. The ability to build high quality slideshows is becoming more important in society. In this study, a neural network was used to identify novice vs. well-designed presentation slides based on visual and structural features. For such a purpose, a dataset containing 1,080 slide pairs was newly constructed. One of each pair was created by a novice, and the other was the improved one by the same person according to the experts' advice. Ten checkpoints frequently pointed out by professional consultants were extracted and set as prediction targets. The intrinsic problem was that the label distribution was imbalanced, because only a part of the samples had corresponding design problems. Therefore, re-sampling methods for addressing class imbalance were applied to improve the accuracy of the proposed model. Furthermore, we combined the target task with an assistant task for transfer and multi-task learning, which helped the proposed model achieve better performance. After the optimal settings were used for each checkpoint, the average accuracy of the proposed model rose up to 81.79%. With the advice provided by our assessment system, the novices significantly improved their slide design.

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Goal Structuring Notation (GSN), which expressing an assurance case, is possible to visualize structuralizing the application targets with multiple viewpoints. However, the above visualization can only handle multiple viewpoints that users of the assurance case can recognize. In other words, it is difficult to visualize as well as structuralize multiple viewpoints that users of the assurance case cannot recognize. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to confirm whether the users can learn the ability to consider every state and make a judgment based on the understandings by using an assurance case with others, in order to learn the mindset to respect diversity. Next, we will indicate that 1) using an assurance case continuously will lead to learn the mindset to respect diversity, and 2) respecting diversity is nearly equal to the ability to consider every state and make a judgment based on the understandings. The evaluation method of this study is to confirm whether the users can learn the ability to consider every state and make a judgment based on the understandings as well as to learn the mindset to respect others using assurance case in communication between others by writing out assurance case together as a pair. Specifically, one person is a listener and another one is a speaker. The listener listens to what the speaker considers correct, and they write and confirm an assurance case. This study evaluates by using questionnaire and interview after writing the assurance case. As a result, this study suggested that using an assurance case with the other users is effective in order to learn the mindset to respect the diversity that the users cannot recognize. Finally, this study concludes future research topics.

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目的：当院のクリニカルパス（以下、パス）委員会の活動はこれまで、カルテの電子化、認定基準の厳格化等により、新規パス申請数は減少し、使用率も伸び悩み、分析・評価も不十分な状態となっていた。このため我々は、ファシリテーションの手法を用いることで、パス活動の活性化・推進を目指した。

方法：まずパス委員会でブレインストーミングを行い、パス活動の阻害要因・推進要因を議論し、パス活動のフォースフィールド分析を行った。その後、委員会の活動方針を決定し、各部署でのパス活動のゴールツリーを作成し、活動予定を3W1Hにまとめた。活動内容は部署ごとに週単位で検討することとし、ダッシュボードとしての進捗状況表を作成し、それに記入することでそれぞれの活動がリアルタイムに確認できるようにした。毎月行うパス委員会で、各部署の1ヵ月間の活動内容をグループ単位で発表しあい、互いにディスカッションする場を設けた。

結果：ファシリテーションによるパス活動を導入後、毎月の委員会でのメンバー同志の議論が活発化し、パスの申請数・認定数は徐々に増加し、使用数の上昇につながった。以上より、院内パス活動の活性化に、ファシリテーションスキルは有用であると考えた。

考察：ファシリテーションは、ともすれば会議の司会・進行役とのみ認識されがちだが、ファシリテーションスキルを応用することで、パス活動の活性化を図ることができた。

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問題発見は，問題解決の成否や質を決める重要な工程である．しかしながら，我々が問題解決工程のつまずきを分析するために開発した問題解決ワークシートを使った調査によると，問題解決の初学者が十分に問題発見を行えていない．そこで，問題解決ワークシートに加えて，問題発見を網羅的に行うツリー分析を学習者に行わせることで，問題発見の過程を明示化しどのようなつまずきをしているかを分析することを可能にする．この方法で以下のつまずきを分析することができると考えられる：①要素が整理されておらず になっていない可能性がある；②子ノードが解決策になってしまっている；③子ノードが分類や原因になっていない（解決策を除く）；④子ノードが問題の大枠を超えてしまっている；⑤発見された問題と解決策が対応していない部分がある；⑥発見された問題と解決策が矛盾している部分がある．実験にて，初学者に問題解決ワークシートの記入とツリーの作成を行わせたものを分析することによって，これらのつまずきを確認することができた．

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Texts on business writing for Japanese learners deal with, among many other things, styles for writing reports and proposals. However, if learners are not accustomed to reading these documents, it is difficult for them to remain motivated to study them completely. To keep learners motivated, I have introduced a new framework in a book on logical business writing for Japanese writers, and given them exercises related to learners' life experiences. Results indicate that most of the learners consider the framework useful in real-life business situations, and experience a sense of fulfillment through the exercises.

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 Nanosilica (NS) is available in various types or sizes and has been the focus of many research attempts on bitumen. However, most of the publications have failed to acknowledge or implement the effects of the NS type itself. The tendency for clustering in NS particles induces large lumps rather the fine particles, which impacts all the bitumen properties. Likewise, the dimension of clusters should be minimised by the appropriate selection of NS size and mixing conditions. Cryogenic SEM is a versatile tool to track the size of clusters, so it was employed here to visualise the changes in intact bituminous samples. This study introduced three NS types, 20–30 nm, 60–70 nm, and 20–30 nm with couplant, to the class C320 bitumen at dry and wet mixing conditions. Captured images were processed by ImageJ software to examine the status of clusters for various mixtures. Frequency sweep DSR tests and column chromatography were also undertaken to determine the likely relationships of bitumen properties at the nano to macro levels. It is found that, the NS type directly affects the average size of clusters, consequently, the rutting and fatigue performances of the binder. In addition, 60nm NS demonstrated the smallest size of clusters with better performances than other NS types.

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【目的】膝前十字靭帯（以下ACL）再建術後の競技復帰を目指したリハビリテーションでは、再建術からの時期、筋力などを考慮しながら運動強度を増加させてゆく効率的なプログラム構築が要求されている。また、早期復帰を目指し、ACLに負担をかけない筋力増強や再断裂予防のための取り組みも重要である。今回ACL再建術後の高校サッカー競技選手に対して、クリティカルシンキングによるプログラム構築を行い、アプローチとして動きによる気づきを取り入れた症例で効果的な知見が得られたので考察を交え以下に報告する。
【方法】対象は試合中に受傷し、ACL再建術を施行した高校サッカー競技選手。治療プログラムにおいてクリティカルシンキングを用いて、筋力増強とともに基本的動作、サッカー動作、補助トレーニングを（モレなく、ダブりなく）で段階的に行った。また、フェルデンクライス・メソッドによる動きによる気づき（以下ATM）を補助トレーニングの中に取り入れ、自覚的な運動能力の変化を評価した。ATMは、関節を滑らかに動かすレッスンなどで構成されており、1日に1プロセスをゆっくりと心地よい自動運動で行なった。
【結果】クリティカルシンキングを用いたプログラム構築では、各時期に応じたメニューを提供することができ、を活かしてトレーニングの無駄を省けた。また、治療への積極的な参加を促すことが出来た。ATMを取り入れてから、「余分な力が入らなくなった」「自分の身体に対する意識が変わった」という自覚的変化が現れ、動作が滑らかになった。トレーニングの段階が進むにつれサッカー動作の質が向上し、「ボールを扱う感じが違う」「ドリブルが楽になった」という感想と、「ボールタッチが柔らかくなった」という客観的意見が得られた。
【考察】クリティカルシンキングを用いたことにより、各段階で必要な筋力や動きを明確にすることができた。この問題点を選手自身が認識することで、効果や取り組む姿勢に変化が現れた一因になったと考えられる。また、にてプログラムのモレ、ダブりをなくしたことで時間的な効率が上がり、早期復帰につながるのではないかと考えられる。アプローチでは、フェルデンクライス・メソッドによるATMを補助トレーニングの中にレッスンとして早期から取り入れたことで、動きを通して自分の身体に対する気づきを学習することができた。これにより、走ったり、ボールを扱ったりする時期が来る前に神経系による身体の準備が完了していたため、サッカー動作トレーニングへの移行がスムーズに行なえた。さらに、受傷前の習慣的な動作が改善されたため、動作のレパートリーが豊富になり再断裂の予防とパフォーマンス向上につながったと考えられる。

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We are developing a technology that supports FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) to reduce omissions of fault factors and improve efficiency. In this study, we developed a technology for expanding the causal relationships among faults using physical formula in order to generate a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive fault tree. We devised a logic of expansion from formulas based on the concept that there is a causal relationship between the variables on the left and right side of a formula. In addition, we devised a technique to narrow down only factors that could physically occur by using the correlation of variables on the left and right side of a formula. By using physical formulas of a fastening component as an example, we verified that mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive fault tree was generated from causal models based on physical formulas properly.

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In order to redesign an existing AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) transportation system in a port terminal, it is needed to adequately evaluate and analyze the system. For this purpose, this paper proposes the design support methodology for an actual transportation system. In the methodology, an optimal design methodology that has proposed by the authors is used to take into account bottlenecks in the transportation system. These bottlenecks are the traffic congestions caused by the AGVs. Also, this paper describes a logic tree based on the idea of the (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive) in order to ease the bottlenecks.

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In this paper, the author discusses the importance of time axis in designing products and services. Two examples examined are: systematic classification of approaches to design against disaster based on stress - strength model in reliability engineering, and Expectology as a framework for a systematic and (mutually exclusive collectively exhaustive) classification of consumers' every possible cognitive and emotional response to product and service design prior and posterior to experiencing and purchasing them: positive (e.g., expectation, satisfaction, delight), neutral (e.g., disinterest, detachment) and negative (e.g., anxiety, dissatisfaction, disappointment).

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　眼毒性が発現すると生命を脅かしはしないが、Quality of Lifeが大きく低下する。眼組織は、透明であり、無血管であること等、他の器官と異なる特徴を備えており、眼毒性評価に際して、他の器官とは異なることを念頭に置かなければならない。したがって、眼毒性評価を行う際は、通常の毒性評価のチェックポイントに加えて、眼組織特有のチェックポイントも考慮する必要がある。ビジネスの世界では、チェックポイントに換わる言葉として「フレームワーク（枠組）」という用語が使用されており、意思決定や戦略策定時に重要なチェックポイントを見落とさないための工夫が共有されている。本稿では、眼毒性評価を行う際に見落としたくないチェックポイントを「フレームワーク」として表現した。
　本稿では、まず、ビジネス用語としての「フレームワーク」を説明し、眼の「機能的特徴」及び「組織学的特徴」をフレームワーク化した後、「リスクアセスメント」「判断」「エビデンスレベル」及び「因果関係」をそれぞれフレームワーク化した。最後にこれらのフレームワークを眼毒性評価へ利用したケースを紹介する。

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We discuss the trust of consumers regarding products and information sources. Today, securing the trust of consumers is a major issue. We verify the effect that the trust of an information source has on the trust of the products it describes. Furthermore, we verify the interdependence involved in trusting in different information sources. We propose a "trust network hypothesis" and use a network autocorrelation model to statically verify it. The result of this statistical investigation showed that trust in a product and trust in an information source describing it depend on each other. Especially, we found that trust in friends and acquaintances as an information source about food is important for developing trust for various information sources and trust in producers and retailers is important for developing the trust of the products.

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In this research, we selected Pneumatic Bilateral Servo System (PBSS) consisting of master and slave cylinders as an actuator system for the land mine apparatus. Usually the master side operates the slave side in PBSS. But we realized in our system that position and power controls are made by comparing and feeding back physical information between the master and the slave. It also makes possible that the slave operates the master on the basis of this information. For the above reasons, PBSS is suited to be the actuator for the land mines apparatus. In this research, we work on the following tasks based on PBSS as the basic system.(1) Construction of pneumatically-controlled bilateral servo system (2) This system becomes harmless on the environment and human.(3) Making this system can sense and be controlled by minute pressure change by the 100-grain weight.

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Being able to generate adequate test scenarios in order to validate autonomous driving functions is of paramount importance for the deployment of autonomous vehicles. However, asserting the completeness of generated test cases and coverage of all possibilities has proven to be very difficult. Previously, few attempts that tried to generate representative possibilities have all been based on the designer ′ s experience and thus inherently incomplete. This paper proposes a formal system inspired approach that solves this issue. With this approach, 2,544 basic use-cases were generated from a completeness perspective. Thereafter, for the sake of accelerating the development work of our autonomous vehicle, we used this asset to clarify which use-cases should be solved and in what order.

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