Oil bodies (

) are lipid-storing organelles of soybean seeds and the source of substrates for the enzymatic oxidation reaction of soymilk flavour formation. However, the triacylglycerols (TAGs) in the are surrounded by a membrane composed of phospholipids embedded with integral oleosins to prevent them from being hydrolyzed by lipase. Therefore, the specific reaction process of the in the soymilk flavour formation process becomes complicated and is not well understood. In this study, the optimal substrate, , were extracted by sucrose and washed with water at pH 11.0. The oxidation products (i.e., lipid hydroperoxides, and volatile flavour compounds) of the reaction systems, with as substrate, showed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) can directly hydrolyze external phospholipids (PLs) of , and pancreatic lipase can hydrolyze the internal TAGs of only after oleosins or PLs are hydrolyzed. Phospholipase D (PLD) cannot hydrolyze PLs of . These findings are of great significance for understanding the mechanism of flavour formation in soymilk and further improving the flavour of soymilk.

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The toxicity of certain novel perfluoroalkyl substances (PFCs) has attracted increasing attention. However, the toxic effects of sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (

) on the endocrine system have not been elucidated. In this study, was added to the drinking water during the pregnancy and lactation of the healthy female mice at dietary levels of 0.0 mg/L (CON), 0.5 mg/L (-L), and 5.0 mg/L (-H). exposure during the pregnancy and lactation resulted in the presence of residues in the placenta and fetus. We also analyzed physiological and biochemical parameters and gene expression levels in mice of the F0 and F1 generations after maternal exposure. The total serum cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly increased in female mice of the F0 generation. The androgen levels in the serum and the ovarian mRNA levels of androgen receptor (AR) also tended to increase after maternal exposure in the F0 generation mice. Moreover, maternal exposure altered the mRNA expression of endocrine-related genes in male mice of F1 generation. Notably, the serum TC and LDL-C levels were significantly increased in 8-weeks-old male mice of the F1 generation, and the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were decreased in 24-week-old male mice of the F1 generation. These results indicated that maternal exposure can interfere with endocrine homeostasis in the F0 and F1 generations. Therefore, exposure to during pregnancy and lactation has the potential toxic effects on the dams and male offspring, which cannot be overlooked.

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To conduct efficient seismic surveys using the pop-up ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs), we attempted attaching a metal rod (counterweight) to the

. As a result, the floating speed and the floating posture of the improved during the recovery. Since this attachment of counterweight also improved the floating posture on the sea surface, this was also effective for efficiency of the recovery operation of the from the sea surface to on deck. When conducting a seismic survey using many OBSs, this method proves to be inexpensive, works very effectively, and may avoid the influence of individual differences with respect to the center of gravity and balance of each .

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House dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae) in bedding and clothes are a major allergen. However, house dust mites cannot be killed by general washing conditions under 50°C. Therefore, low-temperature washing conditions must be improved to eliminate house dust mites. Sodium alkyl acyloxybenzene sulfonate () is a bleach activator that is used to intensify the bleaching effects of some laundry products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of on the elimination of house dust mites in low-temperature washing conditions. D. farinae was soaked in solutions containing different types of for various durations and at various temperatures. The miticidal effects of the various washing conditions were also evaluated for D. farinae. Then sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate (-12) produced the highest D. farinae mortality rate among the solutions that were examined and had a stronger miticidal effect than available chlorine under general washing conditions. exhibited miticidal effects under general washing conditions at low temperatures. Since is already used as an additive in some laundry products to increase the bleaching activity, can be easily used to kill house dust mites under general washing conditions.

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The surface compositions and structure of oil bodies (

) are dependent on the oil crop, and these factors affect in vitro gastrointestinal digestion behaviors. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to examine the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion characteristics of two natural emulsions prepared with soybean seeds and rapeseed during gastrointestinal digestion process. The average particle size of soybean and rapeseed emulsions was 0.46 and 5.02 µm, respectively. The droplet size of soybean seed and rapeseed emulsions was large with relatively low zeta-potentials at 30 min digestion time in simulated gastric fluid condition. The droplet size of two natural emulsions decreased with increasing digestion time in simulated gastric fluid condition. The average droplet size of both emulsions gradually decreased with increasing digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The zeta-potential of the two emulsions increased with increasing digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The extent of free fatty acids of soybean emulsions was significantly higher than rapeseed after 20 min digestion time in simulated intestinal fluid conditions. The obtained results suggested that plant could be useful as natural emulsifiers in the development of functional food and achieve controlled release of bioactive compounds from emulsions during gastrointestinal digestion.

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Noroviruses (NVs) are major causative pathogens of gastroenteritis. The disinfection of contaminated clothing during common household washing is desirable. The virucidal effects of 2 bleach activators, sodium alkyl acyloxybenzene sulfonate () and alkyl acyloxybenzoic acid (OBC), were studied using Feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for NVs. FCV was added to solutions containing either or OBC and sodium percarbonate at various temperatures and for varying lengths of time. and OBC, which generate long carbon chain peroxy acids, enhanced the virucidal effect of sodium percarbonate (PC). In particular, sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate (-12) and decanoyloxybenzoic acid (OBC-10) showed superior virucidal effects. Although the virucidal effect of 38–200 mg/L -12 was maintained with 2–5% (v/v) horse serum, there was less of an effect with the same concentration of available chlorine. and OBC have been used as ingredients in some laundry products to increase bleaching activity. It is expected that the use of and OBC is also effective for the inactivation of NVs under common household washing conditions.

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The dynamics of water molecules associated with water-soluble polymers were studied by ¹⁷O-NMR. The observed spin-lattice relaxation time, T1(

obs

), of water in aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and gelatin at polymer concentrations below 0.12 g/g of water could be described by an isotropic two-state model with a fast exchange. The tendency for the polymers to reduce the T1(

obs

) of water was on the oreder of PEG<gelatin<PVP. At higher concentrations, deviations from the model were observed for PVP and gelatin. The T1(

obs

) of water in the PEG solution was not affected by the molecular weight of the polymer. This suggests that the microviscosity around the polymer molecules is governed by the interaction between the polymer unit and water molecules, and is not affected by the molecular weight of polymers in contrast to the "macroviscosity". The polymer-water interaction that reduced the T1(

obs

) of water was found to decrease with increasing temperature for all the polymers studied. The T1(

obs

) of water in the gelatin solution exhibited the largest temperature dependence, suggesting that changes might occur in the molecular structure of gelatin at higher temperatures.

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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate whether the performance of a combination of observation and motor imagery of chopstick use (complex task) increased corticospinal excitability more than the performance of observation alone. [Subjects and Methods] We recruited 10 healthy subjects with no history of neurological diseases. Corticospinal excitability was assessed with the participants seated in front of a computer screen performing three tasks: (1) control, the subjects were instructed to relax; (2) , the subjects were told to observe an action depicted in the video, and (3) + IMG, the subjects were told to imagine performing an action depicted in a video. During tasks (2) and (3), a video was displayed on the computer screen showing the hand of a male subject using chopsticks to move small items of food from one dish to another (first person perspective). Imagery was performed kinesthetically. [Results] The MEP amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous was significantly increased during +IMG relative to that in the control condition, but not that in the condition. The MEP amplitude in the thenar muscles was significantly different between and +IMG. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the combination of observation and motor imagery of a complex task may be more effective than observation alone for motor rehabilitation purposes.

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The fine structure of rat odontoblasts () showing the developmental sequence of cellular maturation along the long axis of the incisor was studied. The cytomorphological changes and relationships of the intracellular components, particularly the membranous component, were investigated mainly by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the AODO (A: aldehyde prefixation; O: osmium tetroxide postfixation; D: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) freeze-fracture; O: osmium tetroxide maceration) method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using the conventional methods. The following results were obtained: 1) The elongated young were highly polarized and characterized by well-developed concentric cisternal granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum (rER) layers and Golgi complex. SEM showed the rER was continuous to the agranular (smooth) ER (sER).2) Transformation of the concentric rER to a tubular network was closely related to the maturation and secretory activity of the .3) Many branched and elongated tubular mitochondria were observed in the supranuclear region of young . On the other hand, many round-to-ovoid mitochondria were observed particularly in the distal clear area of old .4) SEM also revealed tubulo-vesicular elements, which are believed to be structures relating to secretory and absorptive functions, composed of secretory granules and small tubules, having connections with the cell membrane in both young and old . Furthermore, the small tubules were continuous with the larger sER tubules in the distal clear area and cell process of the .5) Using TEM, long lysosomes, various cytosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were usually observed in the peripheral region and in the distal cytoplasm and major processes of the . The present SEM and TEM studies indicated the MVBs were closely associated with sER tubules of the tubulo-vesicular elements.6) Both TEM and SEM showed cytosegresomes containing laminated ER and other organelles particularly in the distal clear area of old .7) SEM also showed some thin lateral branchings of the running along the fine matricial fibrils, as well as matrix-vesicle-like structures deeply invaginated at the basal portion of the cell processes and distributed in the predentine. The present morphological study demonstrated a three-dimensional configuration of the structures relating to secretory and absorptive functions of young and old .

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Obtaining marine geophysical data, particularly from seismic surveys and observations, is difficult when using ocean-bottom seismographs (OBSs) in coastal areas without causing a conflict with fishery activities. To minimize conflict, we have designed and operated anchor-recovery-type OBSs in coastal areas shallower than 200 m. The OBSs shallower than 650 m were required to recover with their anchors to minimize such conflict during our seismic survey cruise off Yamagata Prefecture by the research vessel (R/V) Kairei in August 2019. Therefore, we improved the

anchor recovery system, which can operate from the continental shelf to the upper continental slope at depths shallower than 650 m. Two operation trials of the improved anchor-recovery-type were conducted using a multi-purpose experiment tank at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokosuka Headquarters, to evaluate its performance before the cruise. In addition, we prepared a sweep-line with grapnel anchors in case unexpected problems occurred during the recovery operation. The seismic survey cruise used a tuned air-gun array system and 39 OBSs (including eight anchor-recovery-type OBSs). The recovery operation was initiated following the air-gun shooting. To prevent the propellers of R/V Kairei from tangling in the recovery rope, a two-ship operation was planned for the recovery of the anchor-recovery-type OBSs. The two-ship operation was performed as follows: First, the R/V Kairei sent an acoustic release command to the . Second, the surfaced was recovered by the ocean tugboat, motor vessel (M/V) Hirokai. Finally, the anchor recovery rope was wound using the winch on M/V Hirokai to recover the anchor. We successfully recovered seven OBSs (Sites 1-7) and their anchors; however, one (Site 8) did not respond to acoustic communication, including the release command. We attempted to recover this unreleased using the prepared sweep-line with grapnel anchors. The sweep-line was deployed from the stern of the R/V Kairei and towed around the position with a radius of approximately 100 m. The and its anchor were caught by the sweep-line and successfully recovered. Our improved anchor-recovery-type can reduce conflict with fishery activities and enable to conduct marine seismic surveys in coastal areas from the continental shelf to the upper continental slope.

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　日本での人工衛星の光学観測の発祥と,早くから行なわれたその測地学への応用に関する研究の跡を述べてある.人工衛星測地学の研究に当り,国土地理院,水路部,東京天文台はそれぞれ独自の機械を使つているが,その協力の結果,現在での光跡法による距離の測定精度は約2×10_-6または以下にまで達することができた.附録　(注記)本稿は1968年5月のCOSPAR東京総会WG1の会合に際し,そのメンバーとして著者が行なつた展望講演原稿であり,当日国土地理院,水路部の観測機械の計時部の実物を展示した.

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　In the Shonai region, Japan, a local easterly strong wind called Kiyokawa-dashi occurs at the exit of the narrow valley connecting the Shinjo Basin and the Shonai Plains. Sometimes, Kiyokawa-dashi brings severe paddy rice damage in spring and summer. This study examines the meteorological properties of Kiyokawa-dashi by using intensive observations which include the double theodolite pilot balloon observation and traveling observation.
　During the experimental period of 2002 and 2003, different types of Kiyokawa-dashi have been observed: blowing locally (-1) and widely (-2). The double theodolite pilot balloon observation showed that the easterly wind was shallow, and a strong low level jet (≥ 10 m/s) appeared at about 200-400 m. These vertical structures were similar in -1 and -2. The strongest surface wind speed (≥ 10 m/s) was observed in the exit region of the valley in -3. In this case, winds along the foot of the lee side of the mountain were weak, i.e. ≤ 3 m/s and the winds in the central region of the plain were relatively strong, i.e. ≥6 m/s.
　The features of the flow fields are complex, and many of the characteristics of the wind fields can be adequately accounted only by consideration of the combined effect of topography and the meteorological conditions.

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Three kinds of field observation of urban thermal environment were carried out to examine the cooling effects of a river. One is the measurement on four streets across the river. Three measurement points are set on each street, one is on the bridge and the others are in the area of about 100m from the river. These streets are selected along the river within 7km upstream from the coast. This is called .1. Another is the measurement along a river and an avenue which go in the direction of the sea-land breeze. They are nealy parallel in the dountown with the distance of about 400m and cross each other at 7km upstream from the coast. Measurement points are set on the coast and the cross point. Moreover, there are four measurement points each on the river and on the avenue scattered between the coast and the cross point. This is called .2. Another is the measurement along a street nealy perpendicular to the river. There are also ten points in the area of about 800m from the river. This is called .3. The measurement points of .1 and .3 are grouped into 3 types, one is above the river, another is at the cross point with the other paths and another is in the cavity of buildings. The air temperature above the river is the lowest and next at the cross point where the wind direction is close to that of the sea breeze. It indicates that even small paths have ventilation effect on urban thermal environment. The results of .2 show that the air temperature above the rever is clealy lower than that above the avenue when the sea breeze blows. The air temperature difference between them falls smaller in the downstream of the sea breeze. It is possible that the sea breeze mitigates the heat in the urban area, if it is well designed to utilize the sea breeze.

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The amplitude of motor-evoked potential (MEP) is increased during action observation and motor imagery. The present study investigated whether the excitability of the corticospinal tract is further increased when subjects observe an action while they image the same action. MEP induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded from the biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR) muscles in four different conditions: (1) relax (control), (2) observation of flexion-extension of the elbow attentively (), (3) imagery of flexion-extension of the elbow (IMAG), (4) observation of flexion-extension of the elbow with imagery of the same action ( + IMAG). The amplitudes of MEP in BB during IMAG and + IMAG were significantly increased compared to that during the control. In addition, facilitation of MEP size during + IMAG was significantly greater than that during IMAG. And the degree of increase in MEP size during + IMAG was significantly larger than the sum of the values obtained from and IMAG. However, when the subjects imaged the elbow flexion-extension while they observed different actions, MEP amplitudes were not increased compared to that during only imagery of the flexion-extension of the elbow. For BR, the amplitudes of MEP were not changed among four conditions. These findings suggest that the combination of action observation and motor imagery could enhance the excitability of corticospinal tract, possibly through modulation of the mirror neuron systems. [J Physiol Sci. 2008;58 Suppl:S193]

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This study proposes an earthquake early warning (EEW) method for ocean bottom seismic (

) data systems of railways. Because the conventional Shinkansen systems adopts only the S-wave alarm method for the data, we demonstrate that the P-wave alarm method can estimate epicentral distance and magnitude using the data but cannot accurately determine back azimuth. Considering this, we propose a concrete method for how to judge whether a warning is issued applying the data. The proposed method enables us to improve the rapidness of EEW and the safety of railways during earthquakes.

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