Sodium γ-Hydroxybutyrate () was used as premedicants and the clinical effects were studied. Patients in relatively good risk, aged between 13 and 69, who had no association of illness, were selected for study at random. These patients were divided into three groups. The first group, the second group and the third group were given 10-20 milligram per kilogram, 66 milligram per kilogram and the placebo respectively. Each drugs were administered orally 1 1/2 hour prior to anesthesia induction and other no drugs combined. The effects were as follows;
(1) In the first group, sedative effects were not evident. But 91.2 per cent in the second group were good sedated and there was no effect in the third group.
(2) In the second group, patients exhibited many side effects such as exhausted feeling, heaviness in head, vertigo, nausea, headache, salivary secretion etc. It seemed that these side effects were mitigated by the combination with other drugs. For example, parasympathomimetic action was ameliorated with addition of belladonna.
(3) There were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, ECG and minute volume.
(4) The EEG pattern in subjects administering 66 milligram per kilogram of resembled to those with natural sleeping pattern.

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Advantage of object-based audio (

) is that customization of the reproduced sound by individual listeners is allowed. To design the broadcasting system and transmission line for , bit rate estimation of program is essential; thus, how much bit rate is required for mono audio object is critical information. The bit rate required for mono audio object in program compressed with MPEG-H 3D Audio is investigated using 12 mono test materials in terms of whether the broadcast quality is met. The obtained results are statistically analyzed and the bit rate meeting the broadcast quality and the bit rate of the detection limit for each mono test material is derived.

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2-Oxobutyric acid () was produced from crotonic acid by two steps. was produced from threo-(±)-dihydroxybutyric acid ((2RS, 3SR)-2, 3-dihydroxybutyric acid, DHB) by the action of cells of Pseudomonas putida. DHB is easily prepared by oxidation of crotonic acid with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide. The microorganism was screened from a soil sample as the best producer of , although the strain could not assimilate DHB as a sole carbon source. The culture conditions of the microorganism and the reaction conditions were optimized. In the presence of 80 g/1 of the cells of P. putida, the amount of produced from DHB was 4.8 g/1 under the best conditions examined, with a molar yield of 47%.

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This study was aimed to elucidate the effects of short chain fatty acids such as N-sodium butyric acid, N-sodium valeric acid, N sodium caproic acid and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (), on the cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, lactic acid output and EEG of the perfused brain. The brain perfusion was conducted by a modified method of Geiger and Magnes with non-anesthetized cats made immobile with d-tubocurarine. During the brain perfusion, 1 ml of artificial blood containing the aqueous solution (pH 7.4) of 0.1 or 1.0 m mole each of N-sodium butyric acid, N-sodium valeric acid, N-sodium caproic acid, or 0.09 m mole of was injected intracarotidly. The results are briefly summarized as follows.
1) In the rapid administration of these short chain fatty acids EEG in all the cases tended to show slow waves 30-40 seconds after the start of the injection, indicating a marked inhibitory effect on the EEG. As for the degree of this inhibition it was most marked with N-caproic acid followed by N-valeric acid, and N-butyric acid in that descending order.
Among them, especially in the cases administered with 1.0 m mole of N-caproic acid and N-valeric acid, there appeared slow wave followed by its flattening on EEG, indicating an irreversible strong inhibitory effect on EEG, and also a marked inhibitory effect on the vital signs of the cat.
In the cases given 0.1 m mole of N-butyric acid or N-valeric acid, slow wave on EEG was transient, lasting cn for 20-30 seconds, which was reversible without flattening and tended to recover rapidly. The tendency was especially marked with the administration of 0.1 m mole of N-butyric acid.
In the cases administered with 0.09 m mole of , marked slow waves lasted for a long time, but 10 minutes after the commencement of the administration, the fast wave component increased and there was observed a recovery of the response to sound stimuli.
2) In the cases administered with 0.1 m mole of N-butyric acid, N-valeric acid, N-caproic acid and with 0.09 m mole of , every case showed an increase in the cerebral blood flow along with the appearance of slow wave on the EEG with the time difference of about 10 seconds. Especially marked was the accelerating effect of N-butyric acid at the dose of 0.1 m mole on the cerebral blood flow, and it lasted for a fairly long time and this increased blood flow persisted even when the slow wave had disappeared and the EEG had returned to the normal level. On the contrary, in the cases administered with a high dose (1.0 m mole) of N-caproic acid or N-valeric acid, the enhancing effect on the cerebral blood flow was extremely slight, indicating that the inhibitory effect of these short chain fatty acids on the central nervous system does not necessarily coincide with their accelerating effect on the cerebral blood flow.
3) All these short chain fatty acids showed an accelerating effect on the glucose uptake in the brain, and this effect was most marked in the case administered with 0.1 m mole of N-butyric acid.
As for the other fatty acids they showed only 1/2-1/3 the accelerating effect of N-butyric acid, of them showing the lowest effect.
4) The rapid administration of these short chain fatty acids hardly has any effect on the oxygen consumption and the lactic acid output in the perfused brain.
In other words, although these short chain fatty acids possess an inhibitory effect on the EEG of the neocortex of the perfused cat brain, they act acceleratingly on the glucose uptake. This fact seems to indicate that the mechanism of the inhibitory action on the central nervous system by these short chain fatty acids differs from that of other hypnotics and anesthetics.

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 柔道選手を対象として稽古前後の好中球機能と筋損傷の関係を調査した．
 39人の男子大学柔道選手において，普段の２時間の稽古前後に体組成と生化学指標 (好中球数，好中球機能(活性酸素産生能 ()，貪食能 (PA))，筋逸脱酵素 (LDH (乳酸脱水素酵素)，アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ(AST)，アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ (ALT)など) を測定した．
 稽古後に筋逸脱酵素は増加し，稽古に伴う筋組織の損傷と変性によると考えられた．また，稽古後に好中球数と は増加し，逆に PA は低下した．一方， の変化量は LDH および AST の変化量と負の相関関係を示し(p<0.01)，PA の変化量は LDH，AST の変化量と正の相関関係を示した (p<0.05)．
 筋損傷に対する PA の変動 (正の相関) の要因としては，筋損傷に伴う筋肉の断裂片のような生理学的異物に対して好中球の異物反応が亢進した可能性が考えられた．また，筋損傷に対する の変動 (負の相関) の要因としては，好中球の各機能間における補完機構が と PA の間で生じた可能性が考えられた．

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裂肛は肛門病学においていつも痔核,痔瘻の後塵を拝し,いわば傍役に甘んじている.しかし裂肛類似の疾患も加えると裂肛は頗るバラエティーに富んでおり,生半可な知識では対処しきれない.そこで"定型的ではない裂肛"病変を難治性か,稀かにとらわれることなく広く取り上げ,都合39疾患または病態を病型別に分類して各肛門病変の診断と治療について論じた.難治性肛門潰瘍を論ずるとき,ほとんど必ず引き合いに出されるのがCrohn病,潰瘍性大腸炎,結核,梅毒,白血病,肛門癌などである.これらの疾患を"有名な"疾患とすれば,"無名の"疾患の中にも重要な疾患が多数あることが分る,すなわち,肛門科医が苦手とする皮膚科的疾患,診断が混乱し易い,あるいは稀な感染症,近年話題の多い性行為感染症,稀な悪性疾患,原因不明の難病,医原性の潰瘍などである.さらに肛門外科医としてその解決に最も意を致さねばならないのは原因不明の潰瘍と術後難治創の問題であろう.

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In a search for new salty compounds, sensory analyses of ornithyl-β-alanine (), some amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides and most amino acids were carried out. was found not only to exhibit saltiness in the presence of a small excess of hydrogen chloride, but also to enhance the saltiness of sodium chloride. Glycine methyl and ethyl ester hydrochlorides were also found to exhibit good saltiness and enhancing effects. Basic and acidic amino acids were found to enhance the saltiness of sodium chloride, although they did not exhibit saltiness by themselves. We found that the intake of sodium ions can be cut by 75%, 50%, and 25% by using , glycine esters and amino acids, respectively.

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In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the object-based approach (

) still remains mainstream in the basic nursing education program, despite the intention of the Ministry of Public Health to expand the competency-based approach (CBA) nationwide. This study aimed to compare the clinical competency of nurses trained with CBA and . A cross-sectional, mixed study was conducted. We developed a self-assessment questionnaire consisting of an individual demographic information, a clinical competency assessment scale and the General Self-efficacy Scale. Nurses trained with CBA or and currently working in health facilities with two to five years of clinical experience were purposively selected from ten cities across nine provinces in the DRC. We also conducted key informant interviews with the clinical supervisors at health facilities. In a comparison of 160 nurses trained with CBA and 153 with , 3 competency domains ("establishing professional communication", "making decisions about health problems", and "performing nursing interventions") of the 5 domains required for nurses had significantly higher scores in the CBA group. The key informant interviews supported these results while revealing various issues in the basic nursing education program. The results support the strategic direction of the Ministry of Public Health in the DRC to expand CBA. Collaboration among education institutions, health facilities, and administrative bodies is crucial for clinical nurses to fully engage their competencies for the population. Other low- and middle-income countries with scarce resources can refer to the developed and implemented competency assessment method applied in this study.

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If polymer-stabilized blue phase (PSBP) can be prepared using a ferroelectric nematic phase with extremely high dielectric anisotropy as the host liquid crystal, it is expected to reduce the drive voltage, which is a major issue for PSBP. It was found that isosorbide chiral agents (ISO (6

)2) are effective in inducing a blue phase in dioxane liquid crystal compounds (DIOs), which exhibit a ferroelectric nematic phase. In-situ photopolymerization of monomers in the blue phase exhibited by the mixture of DIOs / ISO (6)2 was shown to result in PSBP with a temperature range of 70°C or more, although it was still partial.

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In “Engishiki” there is no record of the stage towns of the ancient Mimasaka Province. According to researches made by some scholars, however, Gunga (county-offices in ancient times) played a role of Honjin (officially appointed inns) in the Middle Ages. In this thesis the writer assumed the existence of the Kokufu (ancient capital) and the Guke (ancient county-offices) in the Mimasaka Province, and the roads connecting these with each other.
Mimasaka Kokufu The location of Mimasaka Kokufu is supposed by preceding scholars to have been somewhere in or around Soja, Tsuyama City. The office-building of Mimasaka Kokufu may have been on the terrace where Soja now stands, “Minamikobatake” (a place name) which is on the northern end of the terrace and at which the monument of the ruins of Kokufu stands. The area the office building occupied is topographically supposed to have been six cho (about fourteen square acres).
Tomahigashi Guke and Tomanishi Guke In the fifth year of “Jogan” (863 A.D.) Tomada County was divided in two, respectively named Tomahigashi County and Tomahishi County. It is very probable that Tomahigashi Guke was to the southeast of Kokufu, where there still remains a place named “Tsubaki-koge” and a site of the ruins of the temple of Tsubaki-koge. There is nothing left to give us a clue by which to locate Tomanishi Guke. The Guke may have beed located in the vicinity of Kokufu.
Aita Guke From the excavation of ancient slates, earthen ware with “Kori” written in ink, the writer would like to show that the location of the Gunga was on the terrace along the Yoshino River with such places as “Saimyogaichi” and “Sangenyashimo” in Kawakita, Sakuto Town, as its center.
Katta Guke In 1970 some pieces of earthen ware with the stamp of “Kori” on them were discovered in the field of “Odo 10” at Taira, Shoo Town. Some time later, at the site of the office building, “Sueki” and some pieces of iron dust were also found. Three years later, at “Kawanishi” near the Katta Shrine, about four cho south of this field, the old ditches, the foundation stones of the old buildings, and slates were excavated. The former, that is Taira, is assumed to have been the site of the Gunga, because of the discovery of ancient earthen ware, but the writer does not want to accept this as the site of the Gunga, particularly due to the shape of the area and its size. Instead, the writer proposes that the two areas of the terrace on the right band of the Taki River should be accepted as the Gunga site.
Kume Guke On the terrace two hundred meters east of the ruins of the Kume Temple in Miyao, Kume Town, the remains of more than twenty buildings and their ditches were found, and so this is assumed as the old site of the Gunga. The Gunga was constructed over four periods, but the first construction was taken as the example for the rest.

Oba

Guuke On the terrace of Gotan, Kuse Town, are the ruins of Shirainomiyake and the Temple. It is said that the remains of Jori are seen even today in the districts where Miyake was established. In Province the remains of Jori are most remarkable in the area along the Meki River, which is very close to Gotan Terrace. It may be thought that the Guke was situated in the neighbourhood of the ruins of Shirainomiyake. When the fact is taken into account that the location of the monument of Shirainomiyake is that of the ruins of , however, the Gunga should be supposed to have been on the terrace in the western neighbourhood of the site of the temple.

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While Opening up Education advances, in order to utilize an e-portfolio effectively it is necessary to bring an e-portfolio up in a learning platform and finally to bring it in a community which uses an e-portfolio. In this article, I consider the promotion of the use of the e-portfolio which was able to be tied to various activity of students such as extracurricular activities as well as learning activity mainly on an introduction of an action of in Oregon university.

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The relationship between metabolic chiral inversion and chemical structure of various 4-phenyl-4-oxobutanoic acids (4-), derivatives of anti-rheumatic agent KE-298 [2-acetylthiomethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid], was investigated in rats. Chiral inversion occurred with the thio-alkyl group, whereas the thio-acyl group played no role in the inversion of 4-. A 2-methylene moiety was required for the inversion. When the 4-carbonyl moiety was removed, chiral inversion was significantly decreased, which provided an affinity for the intramitochondrial medium chain fatty acid CoA ligase. In addition, the distance between the chiral center and the carbonyl moiety was also an important factor for chiral inversion. While a sulfur atom was not indispensable for the chiral inversion, the existence of the sulfur atom influenced its affinity to the long chain fatty acid CoA ligase.

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東北・北陸を中心とした東日本では,オジ・オバなどの序列型親族語が標準語とは異なって,長男・長女に対して次男・次女以下,嫡系成員に対して非嫡系成員である男女を意味するということが国語学・方言学の分野で報告されている。しかしながら,民族学・風俗学の分野では,この種の序列型親族語は自己を言及の中心としていないので厳密な意味での親族名称ではないとされ,親族名称研究対象から除外されることが多く十分な検討がなされてこなかった。本論文では,新潟県の一方言を例にしてこの種の序列型親族語の用法を記述・分析し,言及の基準がかつてイエ中心的であったことを明らかにする。また,この特徴が長子優先の同族型社会を反映したものであり,戦後標準語の普及とともに言及の規準がイエ中心的から自己中心的に変化してきたという通時的変化を明らかにする。

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It is truly regrettable that how change, limit or redefine the concept of "SETTANGATA MACHIYA" is not written in Mr. 's discussion. In the other important points, there is no difference for the fact recognition. The above is required, it is future tasks how to locate the Kyoto type town house in the history of the city and the house.

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歴史の小径

ラザフォードの指導を受けた日本人若手研究者――S.

とは誰か

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