The evaluation of safety performance in occupational health and safety assessment series (

) 18001-certified companies provides useful information about the quality of the management system. A certified organization should employ an adequate level of safety management and a positive safety culture to achieve a satisfactory safety performance. The present study conducted in six manufacturing companies: three 18001-certified, and three non-certified to assess occupational health and safety (OHS) as well as 18001 practices. The certified companies had a better OHS practices compared with the non-certified companies. The certified companies slightly differed in OHS and 18001 practices and one of the certified companies had the highest activity rates for both practices. The results indicated that the implemented management systems have not developed and been maintained appropriately in the certified companies. The in-depth analysis of the collected evidence revealed shortcomings in safety culture improvement in the certified companies. This study highlights the importance of safety culture to continuously improve the quality of 18001 and to properly perform OHS/ 18001 practices in the certified companies.

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The main purpose of this study is to discuss and explore the safety and health management in semiconductor industry. The researcher practically investigates and interviews the input, process and output of the safety and health management of semiconductor industry by using the questionnaires and the interview method which is developed according to the framework of the 18001. The result shows that there are six important factors for the safety and health management in Taiwan semiconductor industry. 1. The company should make employee clearly understand the safety and health laws and standards. 2. The company should make the safety and health management policy known to the public. 3. The company should put emphasis on the pursuance of the safety and health management laws. 4. The company should prevent the accidents. 5. The safety and health message should be communicated sufficiently. 6.The company should consider safety and health norm completely.

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A voluntary compliance program for occupational health and safety management, Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP), was implemented with a strategy of cooperation and encouragement in Taiwan. Due to limitations on increasing the human forces of inspection, a regulatory-based guideline addressing the essence of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) was promulgated, which combined the resources of third parties and insurance providers to accredit a self-improving worksite with the benefits of waived general inspection and a merit contributing to insurance premium payment reduction. A designated institute accepts enterprise's applications, performs document review and organizes the onsite inspection. A final review committee of Council of Labor Affairs (CLA) confers a two-year certificate on an approved site. After ten years, the efforts have shown a dramatic reduction of occupational injuries and illness in the total number of 724 worksites granted certification. VPP worksites, in comparison with all industries, had 49% lower frequency rate in the past three years. The severity rate reduction was 80% in the same period. The characteristics of Taiwan VPP program and international occupational safety and health management programs are provided. A Plan-Do-Check-Act management cycle was employed for pursuing continual improvements to the culture fostered. The use of a quantitative measurement for assessing the performance of enterprises' occupational safety and health management showed the efficiency of the rating. The results demonstrate that an employer voluntary protection program is a promising strategy for a developing country.

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化学プラントは当初の設計に従って建設された状態のままで運転し続けることはなく，原料や製品のスペック変更や，装置の改造など様々に変更しながら生産活動を行っている．これらの変更は適切に管理しなければ事故・災害の発生に至る可能性が高いため，変更管理（Management Of Change；MOC）として重要視されており，例えば米国OSHAのプロセス安全管理（Process Safety Management；PSM）では変更管理を一つの重要な要素と位置付けている．
変更管理を適切に行うためには，変更管理に関する業務や必要な資源・情報を明示化する必要がある．（公社）化学工学会安全部会では「変更管理のあり方」ワーキンググループを設立し，プロセス安全に関する変更管理の課題を抽出するとともに，以下のような論理的に整合の取れた変更管理の仕組み作りを目指した議論を行っている．①PSMの観点から変更管理の位置付けを明確にし，変更及び変更管理の明確な定義を与えるとともに，要求される管理の要点を整理する．②「グレーな領域」について，海外のガイドラインで述べられている「同種置き換え（Replacement in Kind；RIK）」とみなされるかどうかを検討し，その具体的な事例を提供する．③変更管理を見える化するために，プラントライフサイクルエンジニアリングの業務プロセス上で変更管理の事例をトレースする．これらの議論の結果はテクニカルレポートとしてまとめられている．本稿ではこのテクニカルレポートに基づき，変更管理のあり方について示す．

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労働安全衛生マネジメントの世界にも，国際標準化の波が押し寄せている，この間，労働安全衛生行政の積極（国際）派の対応により，労働大臣告示の策定，

18000策定作業への中央労働災害防止協会の参加，ISOでの議決に関する対応（条件付棄権），ILOドラフトに対する幹事国参加などによ り，国際標準化を先取りした展開がなされてきた， 本稿では，激変する権力構造と行政の課題を解説し，労働安全衛生行政が国際標準化にどのように対応してきたのかを，オブザーバーの視点も踏まえ概説する，そして，今後の動向から，行政機関だけでなく非政府機関（NGO）の参加の重要性，解決すべき諸課題について提言を行う.

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The Piper Alpha disaster occurred in the UK sector of the North Sea in 1988. The disaster shook the oil industry into recognizing the importance of safety management systems. Three years later, in 1991 JDC commenced operations in Australia and realized that a safety management system would become an important part of offshore oil and gas operations. JDC implemented its HSE Management Plan (MP) across the company in 1994, upgraded it to HSE Management System (MS) in 1998, and, most recently, modified it to the HSQE MS in August 2007. The main additions revolved around “Q”, namely quality, and meeting the requirements of ISO 9001.

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建設業における労働安全衛生マネジメントシステム（OHSMS）においては，簡潔かつ実務的な手法 が必要とされてきている。そこでわれわれは，労働安全衛生マネジメントシステムー仕様

18001：1999に基づくOHSMSの審査を2000～2002年にかけて5社実施しながら，建設業界 に適用可能なモデル手法とは，どのようなものになるべきかを検討してきた．手順自体の整合性と規格への適含性を要求する審査登録機関としておおむね確立したのでここに紹介する．実際，この手法は英 国規格であるBS8800のリスクアセスメント手法に則り，かつ

OHSAS

18001規格にも適合するようにしている．ただし，あくまでもモデルであり，OHSMSの審査過程でこれを強制するものではない．

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品質および環境マネジメントシステムの国際標準に基づく審査登録（認証）制度が内外で広く普及しつつある．労働安全衛生にっいても，標準化されたマネジメントシステムを導入し，第3者の審査を受けようとする動きが活発になってきた．ここでは，国際標準化機構（ISO）や国際労働機構（ILO）での動き，国際的な民問団体による標準化の活動とその規格の概要，そして国内での労働安全衛生マネジメントシステムの標準化と審査登録に関する自主的な取り組みについて紹介し，審査登録制度の意義と その背景を考える．

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リスク・マネジメントには幾つかの源流があり,使用される用語やプロセスには分野による違いがある。このことから,分野の壁を越え,リスク・マネジメントを標準化する動きがあり,近年,多くの標準やガイドが発行されている。本稿では、それらの標準やガイドで記述されているリスクの定義を調査し,どのような違いがあるのか,また,どのような共通点があるのか,その特徴を検討した。

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近年の欧米の安全衛生は，ローベンス報告に基づいた自主対応型の取り組みが基本である．その具体的な現れが労働安全衛生マネジメントシステム，リスクアセスメントである．これらに対するEU加盟国やアメリカの対応は，規制と自主的な取り組みとの相克の過程にあるといえる． さらに，最近では，安全衛生対策の対象が作業負荷という観点から作業条件や作業方法の見直しへといっそう広がる傾向にあり，その典型例がエルゴノミクス的アプローチである，エルゴノミクスについては，日本ではまだ行政としての対応は端緒についたばかりである． 本稿ではこのような欧米の動きを追いつつ，現在の安全衛生の課題を追求してみた．

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Objectives: To develop and validate a global occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) model for Japanese companies.

Methods: In cooperation with a Japanese company, we established a research team and gathered information on occupational health and safety (OHS) practices in nine countries where the target company operated manufacturing sites. We then developed a model hypothesis via research team meeting. The model hypothesis was introduced to local factories in Indonesia and Thailand as trial sites. We evaluated the roles of the company headquarters, the implementation process, and any improvements in OHS practices at the sites. Based on the results, a global OHSMS model was formalized for global introduction.

Results: The model consisted of both headquarters and site roles. These roles were well-functioning, and OHS at the sites improved. Two issues concerning the functioning of the headquarters were identified: the need to establish a reporting system to the headquarters and the need to support the improvement of specialized human resources. By improving the model hypothesis to address these issues, the model was formalized for global introduction.

Conclusions: The global OHSMS model was based on the use of methods and specialized human resources relevant to each region and their common objectives, as well as evaluation indicators based on the minimum requirements of the company headquarters. To verify the effectiveness of this model, the experiment should be extended to other countries.

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An important challenge to occupational health services in Japan is the necessary shift from regulation-based occupational health program to health risk-based program. The Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is an effective tool for introducing risk-based activities. To date, the Five Management system has been used to manage occupational health activities. This classification, however, does not show the interactions among the listed activities. Nor is it clear how this system contributes to the PDCA (Plan/Do/Check/Act) cycle for continual improvement. The category in the Five Management system called “Roles of the Occupational Physician” covers most of the occupational health services required in Japan. The items listed in the Five Management system were compared to the guidelines of OSHMS from the International Labour Office and issues that should be solved for occupational health activities with OSHMS were clarified. Seven issues are discussed in this paper; (1) occupational safety and health policy and audit that can drive the PDCA cycle effectively, (2) reclassification of occupational health activities with several different objectives, (3) set up of targets, (4) risk assessment methods that can prioritize health risks compared to safety risks, (5) exposure assessment methods for risk assessment, (6) flexibility of laws and regulations, and (7) development of talented professionals for risk-based occupational health activities.

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There has been a recent surge in the number of disasters and incidents occurring in the process industry (e.g., the petrochemical, chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries). The reasons thereof include defects in process safety management (PSM); inadequate safety management systems in companies; inadequate knowledge among managers and insufficient information about the tasks undertaken and resultant erroneous operation and/or misjudgment; no standardization for the PSM activity; and other engineering factors. The purpose of PSM is to prevent industrial accidents by the establishment of the PSM system at the company level as well as an improvement in safety engineering techniques. Safety of chemical process plants can be achieved throughout the plant-lifecycle engineering (Plant-LCE), which is performed from research and development until to plant safety design, construction, and manufacturing (production and maintenance) stages. For systematic PSM, a model-based engineering framework is needed so that information can be used to inform all stages of the plant-lifecycle. Constantly updated and revised data and information must be shared at each engineering stage in a transparent way in order to examine the impacts of the safety decisions in all activities of the chemical process plant. The present paper reviews the existing studies on business process models, which have been developed for the process industrial activities, and introduces an integrated PSM framework which makes it possible to realize a consistent and collaborative PSM.

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Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess fire risk in fire hazardous zones (FHZ) at the dispenser areas of gasoline stations.

Methods: There were 47 stations chosen for fire risk assessment and two zones around the dispenser area of each station were assessed. The assessments were carried out by applying the matrix (3 × 4) of fire risk assessment by multipliers of opportunities level of hazard occurrence and the subsequent severity of the incident.

Results: Across the 47 gasoline stations studied, there was an average of 23 ± 12 nozzles and none had vapor recovery systems (VRS) on dispenser nozzles. The average daily amount of gasoline sold was 3382 L. Each gasoline station had an average of 10 ± 5 workers/station; they all worked within a 1.5 meter radius of the dispenser (FHZ-I); and they used cellphones >4 hours/day. The average level of flammable gas was in the range 1.3%-7.4% LEL-UEL (6.2% ± 5.2%). The fire risk was found to be an intolerable risk in FHZ-I at 40 stations (85.1%) and FHZ-II at 10 stations (21.3%). A total of 18 stations were ranked as having a substantial risk, whereas 19 stations also had a moderate risk in FHZ-II; those levels correlated with the station locations and the quantity of fuel sold.

Conclusion: It suggests that high risk must be controlled by using preventive and safety actions: eliminating fire ignition sources, such as by cellphone prohibition, and inspection of electrostatic discharges, engineering control with grounding when refuelling, signposting of hazardous zones, and VRS installation on dispenser nozzles.

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東南アジア諸国のなかで経済発展の著しいシンガポール共和国にっいて，同国における1）安全衛生関連法と行政組織，2）労働者数と労働災害の発生状況，3）おもな安全対策などの労働安全衛生に関する事項，および4）昨今注目を集めている労働安全衛生マネジメントシステムに関する動向について現地調査を行ったので，その結果を報告する．

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After the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011, business continuity management (BCM) has attracted more attention as a way to enhance the resilience of organizations in Japan. In addition, the ISO 22301 international standard for BCM was established in 2012 [1]. As a result, there are presently nineteen international standards for management systems (MS). Many organizations in Japan have already implemented multiple MS standards. Although there are many MS standards that require the implementation of risk assessment (RA), in reality, RA methods are not integrated and are individually conducted because their requirements differ from those of MS. The practice of applying RA methods for multiple MS standards often causes overlaps of a RA process and inconsistencies in RA results. A solution to these problems is the development of a “multi-purpose risk assessment system (MUPRAS).” This study aims to efficiently develop a MUPRAS by increasing the commonality between RA-required specifications of multiple MS standards on the basis of open architecture theory. This study proceeds as follows. First, types of the target MS standards are screened out. Second, the possession status of third-party certifications for MS standards is surveyed. Third, commonalities of RA-required specifications of MS standards are digitized. Fourth, assessment methods of commonality mentioned above are proposed. Fifth, a case study for a MUPRAS is conducted.

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T: International standards are being issued, mainly by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization; headquarters: Geneva) and BSI (British Standards Institution), and their deployment is spreading worldwide.Recently issued standards include ISO14001:1996 in the environmental field, 18001:1999 (OH&S) in the occupational health and safety field and ISO9001:2000 in the product quality field. This research first surveyed documents concerning the deployment status and effects of managements systems in major countries and compared them with companies and organizations in Japan. Concerning the management systems in Japan, many harmful cases were seen in which management was being handled individually within the companies and organizations. This research focused on common items of each standard, proposed integrated management models and analyzed their effectiveness.

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