The rural–urban fringe around large cities such as Tokyo contains commuter cities made up of an - population and an increasing number of newcomers, and the literature points out that there are attitude and value differences among these residents. This article therefore examines the different types of healthy, active seniors and how their satisfaction with leisure facilities, services, and activities varies. After outlining the concept of community satisfaction and ikigai (a life worth living) and examining the creation and maturation of bedroom communities in the rural–urban fringe of Japan, I describe the case study area of Ushiku City near Tokyo and its leisure opportunities for seniors. Then, I compare the satisfaction of leisure activities, facilities, and services among retirement-aged residents of Ushiku. This information was obtained by questionnaire in 1997 and through informal interviews in 1996 and 1997. Follow-up interviews with Ushiku City officials took place in 2003, 2006, 2007, and 2008. It was hypothesized that there would be attitude differences between newcomer and - residents. There were, however, few differences between newcomers and old-timers. On the other hand, responses varied according to whether the participant was male or female, and whether the participant lived in a rural or an urban area of Ushiku. The rural–urban differences reflect Ushiku's large area which contains urbanized and rural landscapes. The findings suggest that gender differences and one's residential location are important determinants of community satisfaction and should be considered when planning leisure facilities and services for seniors in these rural–urban fringe commuter settlements.

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This study explores the behavior of transnational migrants in a global city—in this case, Koreatowns in the New York metropolitan area. Global changes in post-war capitalism and US immigration policies attracted various Korean migrant groups to the New York metropolitan area. These can be classified as old-timers, who migrated before or during the 1980s in the hope of securing permanent residency, and newcomers—relatively young and highly educated professionals who have migrated since the 1990s. Old-timers typically relocate to the suburbs via ethnic enclaves, on which they are strongly reliant. In contrast, newcomers are dispersed across the metropolitan area, sometimes visiting Koreatown as a node of the ethnic human network or for Korean-style service. These distinctive behaviors mean that migrant characteristics change with the economic growth of emerging countries, in turn changing the urban space of global cities.

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As cities grow and urbanites invade adjacent rural settlements, community values and attitudes become much more heterogeneous. As this invasion takes place, the landscape is also transformed and agricultural activities are threatened. In Japan, these rural-urban communities are known as konjuka settlements. Previous research has examined the friction between newcomers and farmers (old-timers) over agricultural activities; however, there has been almost no examination of how attitudes vary toward urban development in these konjuka settlements. The objective of this study therefore is to examine conflicting attitudes toward. both agricultural activities and urban development. A questionnaire returned by 211 households was distributed within the boundaries of Ushiku City-a satellite city of Tokyo. There were conflicting attitudes toward both agricultural activities and urban development. Specifically, there were major attitude differences toward burning garbage and toward new single detached housing. Responses differed according to the newcomer and - dichotomy. However, responses also varied according to whether one was a farmer, was raised locally and whether one was from the more urbanized or less urbanized hamlet. This study re-affirms that conflicts occur between newcomers and old-timers over agriculture. But the results also indicate that conflicts can occur over urban development. Moreover, the findings confirm the results of other community studies which demonstrate that newcomer values conflict with those of rural old-timers. What is more important, however, is to point out that these conflicts occur between groups other than newcomers and old-timers.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problem of the support system in the teacher society and health based on the analysis frame of the SS research, and to present the suggestion of the ideal way of the system of the support in the teacher society furthermore based on the consideration of the analysis result. The following results were obtained: 1. Expectations to emotional SS were higher than tooled SS as a whole. 2. Expectations to SS were high like a young teacher, and it was low like the - teacher. Moreover, there were few differences by the sex. 3. When the relation between SS and the burnout was analyzed as a positive side of SS, the relation to emotional, tooled SS "Principal" and emotional SS "Parents" was especially seen in "Escape personification" and "Decrease in the personal achievement feeling". 4. When the content of a negative support was analyzed as a negative side of SS, "Support by the selfish intervention for which the donor did not hope" and "Support which felt the lack of the low evaluation of dono'rs nature and ability and reliance", etc. were evaluated as a negative support. The following considerations of the ideal way of the system of the support in the teacher society were proposed with the result of the analysis. 1. Importance of emotional SS and tooled SS 2. Necessity of system of support (collegiality) to exceed generation 3. Principal as significant support donor 4. Decrease of mismatch of support

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The purposes of this study are to clarify the effect of participation in the sport club upon personality development and to gain some basic data to be used for the guidance in the sport club, especially in the community sport clubs which are remarkably increasing recently. The subjects used in this study were a total of 254 children (149 boys and 105 girls) who participated in Kyoto City Mini-Basketball Club and were examined from 1975 to 1978, and 500 of non-member school children (245 boys and 255 girls) examined in 1978. All of them were between 10 and 12 years of age. Sociometric Test and Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory were conducted together with the examination of behavioral characteristics and sports skill and the following results were obtained: 1) After discussing inclusively their out-door playtime and the number of friends outside of the club, it is presumed that those who are the members of the mini-basketball club have more emotional stability and leadership. Furthermore, girls show more social adjustment and tend to be more active than non-member school children. 2) The children in the mini-basketball club tend to organize sub-groups according to the primary schools they belong to, and in the case of boys, they are apt to gather around a popular person who is an "-" in the club. 3) Generally speaking, the children Who hold higher rank in Sociometric Status mark greater scores in emotional stability, activity and leadership in Y-G Personality Inventory (show type D), and also in sport skill test. Furthermore, they show brightness, cheerfulness, promptness, kindness and attractiveness in terms of their behavioral characteristics.

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A short chronicle of data collection in the ionosphere, thermosphere and atmosphere is given, highlighting the different measurement techniques and their effect on the overall data volume. Several data sources and their uses are discussed in greater detail, including the data obtained by the worldwide ionosonde network, by the incoherent scatter radars, by the Alouette and ISIS topside sounders, and by the Atmosphere Explorer satellite. The need for continuous monitoring from ground and space is stressed, as well as the need for preservation of older data records and their full scientific exploitation.

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Although 'new-comer' foreign residents have increased rapidly since the 1980s, there are few geographical studies about them. Few studies exist that assess the spatial nature of their daily lives. I will intend to deal with their lives through the framework of 'life space' (containing both activity space and social relations). In spite of the large number of 'new-corner' residents in Osaka, they are underrepresented in the literature comparing with those in the Tokyo and Tokai regions. This paper deals with three national groups (Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese) in Osaka, each of which reflects some distinct features as foreign residents in Japan. It is necessary to study multiple groups because usually a couple of groups live within one urban area. I will discuss their life space with analysis of questionnaires and interviews. Following is a summary of the chief points of this paper. First, some aspects of their life spaces are discussed for each nationality. Although some distinction is identified among nationalities, the indices of life spaces vary much within each group and it is difficult to affirm that their life spaces are prescribed only by nationalities. Second, their life spaces are examined in terms of social attributes factors, which are usually referred to in existing studies. Gender is not an influential factor without the means of transportation for commuting. It is also clarified that, although spatial ranges of social relations of students are wider than those of non-students, activity spaces of the former are narrower than those of the latter and students build fewer social relations. Third, their life spaces are examined through characteristics of residence, which have been not focused on in previous studies. As a result, there are differences between residents in clustered areas of each group and those in non-clustered areas. That is, both activity spaces and spatial ranges of social relations of the former are narrower than those of the latter, and the former has fewer relations with Japanese than the latter. Moreover, comparing the life spaces of residents in the inner city area with those in suburbs, the activity spaces and spatial ranges of social relations of the latter are broader. Finally, I will attempt to determine the meanings of clustered areas through the results of interviews. It is shown that residence in clustered areas has considerable positive and negative effects on relations between 'new-comer' Koreans and '-' Koreans as well as between Vietnamese and Japanese.

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The concept of a hacker originated in the 1970s, and began to gradually take shape in the 1980s. It began to be discussed actively in various contexts, particularly in relation with the rise of open-source operating systems such as GNU and Linux in the 1990s until the early 2000s. Subsequently, as the times changed, the qualities that were demanded of reputable programmers changed in a major way. Originally, the programmers' capabilities in terms of writing code were most important, while their sociability was less emphasized. However, as computers became more common among the general public, and their social impact increased, hackers were required to be more socially amenable in various ways. Therefore, a large number of open-source projects introduced codes of conduct.

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近年、環境汚染による森林衰退、樹木医制度の制定など樹木の健康状態に対する社会的関心が高まっている。しかしながら、植物を非破壊で簡易的に診断する技術は未だ確立されていない。アコースティック・エミッション（AE）は超音波の非破壊検査手法の一つで、材料の欠陥検出や強度の評価、接着・溶接部の検査、構造物の保守検査などに利用されている。また、最近、植物が水通導に伴い超音波を発生することが発見され、AEによる植物の診断法の確立が期待されている。そこで、本論文では、酸性土壌でのスギ苗木や被爆クスノキのAE測定の報告を交え、植物と人間との新たなコミュニケーション方法としてのAEの可能性について紹介する。

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The assembly of primordial follicles and subsequent development and transition of the primordial follicle to the primary follicle are critical processes in ovarian biology. In order to examine follicle formation and development in fetal and neonatal pigs, ovarian samples were obtained from a famous local breed of Chinese pigs, Erhualian pigs, ranging in age from 50 days postcoitum to 1 day postpartum in our current study. Morphological changes in the ovaries of the fetal and neonatal pigs indicated that egg nests were the earliest recognizable gamete cells. The proportion of egg nests decreased from 98.4 to 25.6% and the proportion of single follicles increased from 1.6 to 74.4% between 70 and 90 days postcoitum. The proportions of primordial follicles increased between 70 and 90 days postcoitum but decreased from 90 days postcoitum to 1 day postpartum. Our results suggested that the key stage of primordial follicle formation was between 70 and 90 days postcoitum and that the major stage of transition from primordial follicles into primary follicles was between 90 days postcoitum and 1 day postpartum. Experiments were also conducted to examine the localization of PTEN, PKB and FOXO3A proteins in the porcine ovaries by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. The results indicated that PTEN, PKB and FOXO3A were localized in the germ cells of egg nests, cytoplasm of oocytes and granulosa cells of follicles ranging from the primordial to secondary stages and that the staining intensity was weak in granulosa cells but strong in oocytes. The different staining patterns of PTEN, FOXO3A and PKB suggested that these proteins were expressed in a stage- and cell-specific manner during ovarian follicle formation and development in the fetal and neonatal pig.

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The research to date dealing with the assassination of Yang Yuting by order of Zhang Xueliang on 10 January 1929 focuses on the belief that Yang was pro-Japanese. What the research fails to consider, however, is the assassination of Chang Yinhuai on that same date, which pan by no means be attributed to pro-Japanese sentiment, since Chang never studied in Japan, which is the only proof offered for Yang's pro-Japanese position. Could these assassinations have had some other motive? The author of this article believes so, based on two points yet to be considered in the existing research. The first has to do with the public careers and political ideas of the two victims. Studies have clearly shown the political ideas and actions of Zhang Xueliang from the time of the bombing death of Zhang Zuolin at the hands of a Japanese agent on 4 June 1928 to the hoisting of the Nationalist flag on 29 December of that year ; however, a similar analysis of Zhang's activities during that time has yet to be done, due to the a priori assumption that Zhang and Yang were political enemies. Consequently, we have no idea of Yang's policy stances or how they conflicted with Zhang's, other than the former's alleged pro-Japanese sentiment, leading to the conclusion that Yang's assassination was motivated by personal conflict between the two. This is why the author of the present article has felt the need to delve into the political ideas and actions of Yang and Chang Yinhuai. The author's second point focuses on the power structure of the Sandongxing 東三省 Regime and the political roles played in it by Zhang, Yang and Chang. Whenever conflict occurs in any political regime, clashes usually occur between factions, not individual politicians. In the case of the Sandongxing Regime, conflict not only occurred along generational lines (between the and newcomer factions), but also geographically between the leading province in the triad, Fengtian, and the other two, Jilin and Heilongjiang. What remains unclear is where Zhang, Yang and Chang stood within the Regime's structure of conflict, which may be the key, to why the latter two were assassinated. One more factor that must be taken into consideration is the situation of the three countries bordering on the Sandongxing region : China, the Soviet Union and Japan. The research to date has tended to emphasize the actions of Japan in the framework of the historical background to its relationship to Manchuria. However, even if it can be proved that Yang was pro-Japanese, it is still important to identify his place in the Regime's structure and the Regime's relationship to its other two neighbors. Also, within the fluid international situation at that time, the Regime's structure was probably also in flux, one good example of which being Yang's assassination. With respect to China, it was being ruled by two central bodies, the government in Beijing ruling over Changcheng 長城 and all points south and the Nationalist government. However, these bodies did not exercise full control over the country in the same manner as the former Qing Dynasty or the later People's Republic. This is why the author deals with the "China factor" focussing not only on the two central ruling bodies, but also the, movements of the various warlord factions.

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