The somatic chromosome numbers (2n) were 48, 40, 44, 44 and 66 respectively in A. mexicana, A. filiculoides, A. pinnata Aftrica, A. pinnata Cuttack, India and A. pinnata (green isolate, Vietnam). The karyotype study revealed that chromosomes were small and asymmetrical. The total chromatin length (TLC) was employed as an index of species delimitation. Basing on absolute length (AL) the chromosomes were grouped into different sets and karyotypic formula was established for each species.
Meiotic behaviour of microspore mother cells (SMC) of all species was almost similar except A. pinnata (Vietnam) and A. filiculoides. In all cases microspore mother cells (SMC) exhibited many common features. Usually quarterets of SMC were observed on pressing. Vacuolisation put the cytoplasm more clear during early prophase and gradual granulation brought more stainability in later stages. Marginal orientation of chromatic materials was noticed. Multivalents were observed in A. pinnata (Vietnam). In A. filiculoides, deformed spindle and unequal spore formation were noticed in some of the SMC. In A. pinnata (Vietnam) almost all spores were much smaller in size. A. mexicana, A. pinnata (India), A. filiculoides and A. pinnata (Africa) were considered to be true diploids whereas A. pinnata (green isolate, Vietnam) was a triploid.

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It is expected to control traffic light safely, especially at inter-green periods. Recently, countdown-type traffic signals for vehicles that are contributory to make appropriate judgments have been installed positively in Asian countries. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and observed surveys via video cameras at signalized intersections with those types of traffic signals installation in Turkey. Analyzing the effect of the traffic signal from the viewpoint of users' consciousness, it was shown that users' satisfaction is improved and driving rage is dropped by the countdown display. Furthermore, it was also found that start-up delay is reduced and risky behaviors at inter-green periods are decreased by the signal, but at the same time the inadequate signal parameter settings may induce risky behaviors in spite of the countdown-type traffic signal installation.

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The battery used in cars is a Li-ion Battery.Li is a rare metal. There is also the disadvantage that the electrolyte is a flammable liquid.Magnesium is abundant in seawater, so there is no concern about resource depletion. So you can get it cheaply.In this study, we used shochu waste for activated carbon of the positive electrode of magnesium air fuel cell. We investigated how the basic surface functional groups of activated carbon affect the discharge voltage and how the thickness of magnesium affects the discharge voltage.

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核融合への応用を目指し、炭化珪素へのタングステン被覆技術開発及び評価を行った。ホットプレスと、高出力ランプを用いた瞬間溶融による二つの方法で高密度な被覆の形成に成功し、界面を中心とした微細組織評価を行った。

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　研究開発現場では光学顕微鏡を用いて多岐にわたる画像データを取得し、目的に応じたデータ分析、データ解析手法が求められる。画像データに対してはImageJをはじめとするデジタル画像処理技術が用いられるが、技術の進歩に伴い従来の演繹的アプローチでは目的を達成することが困難な事案が多数存在する。本稿では画像処理と深層学習（ディープラーニング、以下DLと称する）処理アプローチの違い、DLを用いた画像データへのアプローチと気を付けるべき項目、及びボトルネックポイントを記載する。DLの歴史やアルゴリズムの詳細については他書に記載が多いことから、本稿では割愛することをあらかじめ断っておく。

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It is expected to control traffic light safely, especially at inter-green periods because the drivers’ judgments whether pass or not at that time affect the occurrence of severe traffic conflicts. Recently, countdown-type traffic signals for vehicles that are contributory to make appropriate judgments have been installed positively in Asian countries. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and observed surveys via video cameras at signalized intersections with those types of traffic signals installation in Turkey. Analyzing the effect of the traffic signal from the viewpoint of users’ consciousness, it was shown that users’ satisfaction is improved and driving rage is dropped by the countdown display. Furthermore, it was also found that start-up delay is reduced and risky behaviors at inter-green periods are decreased by the signal, but at the same time the inadequate signal parameter settings may induce risky behaviors in spite of the countdown-type traffic signal installation.

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Repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) is a potential training strategy to improve short-term high-intensity sprint ability and evoke adaptation of lactate metabolism. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of RSH on Wingate sprint performance and lactate metabolism. Eight university cyclists performed 6 sessions of RSH (3 × 30-sec sprint with 5-min recovery, FiO₂: 14.5%) over 6 consecutive days. Two days before (pre-test) and 7-9 days after (post-test) the training intervention, subjects performed Wingate tests as performance tests. We took blood samples before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 min after the Wingate test to evaluate physiological adaptations. Mean power outputs were unchanged after the intervention (p = 0.094, d = 0.23). Whereas, the fatigue index was significantly improved (p = 0.025, d = 0.43). According to time course change in power outputs during the Wingate test, power outputs at 26 s, 29 s and 30 s were significantly improved after the intervention (p = 0.029, 0.001 and 0.001; d = 0.54, 0.74 and 0.74, respectively). Area under the curve (AUC) of blood lactate concentration was significantly lowered after the intervention (p = 0.048, d = 0.46). Six sessions of RSH over 6 consecutive days delayed fatigue during the Wingate test. AUC of blood lactate concentration was lowered after the intervention, indicating that glycogen breakdown was reduced (glycogen sparing effect) and/or lactate oxidation was increased during and after the Wingate test when the same work was performed. The effects of glycogen sparing and increased lactate oxidation would provide a competitive advantage to athletes performing multiple sprints.

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Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted on the relationships between peak blood lactate concentration (PBLC) and exercise performance. However, it is still controversial whether PBLC has a correlation with exercise performance, and if it can be a reliable indicator for energy metabolism during short-term high-intensity exercise. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to establish a new reliable indicator. PBLC isn’t able to reflect individual differences in kinetics of post-exercise blood lactate concentration (e.g. different time point of PBLC). Thus, to reflect the individual differences, we focused on the rate of increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration (RIBLC). Twenty-two male university track athletes were divided into a sprinter group (S: n = 14) and middle- to long-distance runner group (ML: n = 8). 400-m (meter) time trials and blood samplings were conducted to measure exercise performance (average running velocity) and blood lactate concentration. In the present study, PBLC had no significant correlations with average running velocity in both S and ML. The present study supports previous studies that reported no correlations between PBLC and exercise performance. In contrast, significant correlations between RIBLC and average running velocity were observed in both S and ML (r = 0.69, p < 0.001 and r = 0.93, p < 0.01, respectively). RIBLC was significantly higher in ML than S (p < 0.05). It is assumed that RIBLC indicates lactate transport capacity and plays an important role in 400-m sprinting. Based on these results, RIBLC could be a new indicator for energy metabolism during short-term high-intensity exercise.

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Glass mixtures based on turquoise glaze were synthesized by the conventional ceramic method, and their color properties were investigated as environmentally friendly Co-free inorganic pigments. Samples showed coloring from light to black depending on their compositions. The bluest color was observed for 0.60 BaO·0.20 Li₂O·0.20 Na₂O·0.45 Al₂O₃·2.50 SiO₂ in a 20 wt % CuO sample heated at 900°C, which had the following color parameters: (L*a*b*) of L* = 41.9, a* = −4.5, and b* = −14.2. The a*, b* values are comparable to those of commercial Co-based pigments. Since the glass mixtures do not include cobalt oxide as a raw material, it should be an attractive alternative to conventional Co-based inorganic pigments.

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症例は35歳の女性。生下時より右側胸部に青色斑が数個存在し,以後少しずつ増数したが自覚症状はなかった。初診時右側胸部に48×22mmの範囲に境界不明瞭で濃淡のある青黒色色素斑が認められ,その中に直径1～5mmの青色調の丘疹が散在していた。切除標本の病理組織所見は,真皮中層,特に付属器周囲に色素を有する細胞が密に集簇した部分が数ヵ所みられ,agminated neviと診断した。 nevusは通常単発性であるが,限局した部分に集簇して多発する稀な症例があり,agminated neviを含めて様々な名称での報告がある。これらの報告例を本例を含めて検討したところ,1)生下時または幼少期から,2)主に胸部から肩に存在し,3)大きさは不変,またはわずかに増大する程度で,4)病理組織学的にcommon typeで,5)毛嚢周囲に真皮メラノサイトとメラノファージが限局していることが多いという特徴を有していた。

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出生時より存在する顔面の青色母斑内に出現したmalignant nevusの1例を報告した。症例は59才男子で, 出生時より右前額から側頭部にかけて青色母斑が存在した。初診の約半年前より皮疹の中央部より腫瘤が出現し急速に増大してきた。悪性黒色腫の疑いで広範囲全摘と頸部リンパ節郭清を施行した。組織学的に, 周辺の色素斑部はcommon nevus, 腫瘤部は境界部活性を示さず, 表皮下にも一層のfree layerを持つmalignant nevusの所見を示した。腫瘍の主体は脂肪織下に存在した。電顕的には腫瘍細胞には種々の段階のプレメラノソーム, メラノソームが存在し, 成熟メラノソームの形態も不整であつた。免疫組織化学的に, 抗S-100蛋白抗体染色は弱陽性を示した。入院後, 全身検索中に早期胃癌が発見され根治的に切除できた。文献的に, とくにmalignant nevusの予後について検討し, 悪性黒色腫と同等か, より予後が悪いと考えた。

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バイオマス原料による水素製造は，原料のカーボンニュートラルという性質から，その製造時において，できるたけ製造される燃料のCO₂原単位が小さくなるような努力がなされている。本研究では，バイオマスガス化技術を利用した水素精製プロセスについて検討することとし，特に，ガス化炉から生成される合成ガスから水素燃料の精製条件の改善を試みた。従来の精製条件においては，1.0 ～2.0のMPaGの圧力を必要とし，そのための加圧動力，すわなち，化石由来の外部エネルギー量の投入が必要となり，環境貢献度が低下する。従って，ここでは，２段式の水素精製実験装置を製作し，１段目でCO₂を吸着除去することにより，水素精製時の加圧動力を削減し，かつ，非常に効率的な水素精製システムの最適化設計を実験結果に基づき行った。この結果，運転圧力0.4 MPaGのときに，水素濃度97.0 Vol%，精製効率55%と従来の精製システムに近い精製効率となることを明らかとなった。また，吸着分離されたCO₂ガスは，農産物の施肥（成長剤）として利用可能であり，これらの効果も含めて，ライフサイクル・アセスメントに基づく水素燃料のCO₂排出原単位等を評価した。

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A case of the rubber-bleb nevus syndrome which occurred in the oral cavity in a 61-year-old female was reported with a review of literature. Histological investigation disclosed that this lesion had the characteristics of carvernous hemangioma which had no apparent difference in comparison with another carvernous hemangioma in the oral cavity. For differential diagnosis, the authors recommended that blood examination should be done to detect anemia which frequently accompanys this syndrome.

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A seroepidemiological study of the prevalence of malaria, employing the frequency distribution curve of ELISA titers, was conducted. Comparison of the shape of the curves obtained in the two villages in the Sudan before and after the flood of the Nile in 1988, clearly demonstrated the existence of certain malarial foci which might pose a potential risk for development of malaria epidemics in the area, although these malarial foci could not be detected by either slidepositivity rate or seropositivity rate. Thus, application of this method is of considerable value in identifying latent malarial foci where control measures should be strengthened.

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The pigment of cornflower, protocyanin, has been investigated for a long time, but its precise structure was not entirely explained until recently. The molecular structure of the pigment was recently shown to be a metal complex of six molecules each of anthocyanin and flavone glycoside, with one ferric iron, one magnesium and two calcium ions by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The studies provided the answer to the question posed in the early part of the last century, "why is the cornflower and rose red when both flowers contain the same anthocyanin?" This work was achieved on the basis of the results of long years of the studies made by many researchers. In this review, the author focuses on the investigations of the metal complex pigments involved in the bluing of flowers, commelinin from Commelina commusis, protocyanin from Centaurea cyanus, protodelphin from Salvia patens and hydrangea pigment.


(Communicated by Shoji SHIBATA, M.J.A.)

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The attraction of melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), to reflective-type traps combined with sticky board and a light emitting diode(LED)array was investigated in July 2011 in an eggplant greenhouse. The peak wavelength of the LED array was 470 nm. The LED array was placed close to the plants and directed toward the sticky board. The number of adult thrips caught by the reflective-type trap at a light intensity of 3×10¹⁷ photons/(m²·s)was significantly greater than the number caught by the control, a non-illuminated trap. Furthermore, the number of adult thrips caught by the reflective-type trap was significantly greater than that for the control during 18:00–21:00 and 21:00–0:00. Additionally, significantly more female adult thrips were caught by the reflective-type trap than by the non-illuminated trap, especially during the 18:00–21:00 time period.

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Near-field characterization of the acoustical environment near rockets has often involved extrapolating far-field measurements. However, because far-field amplitude data reveals only limited information about source characteristics, a vector intensity measurement system and analysis package has been developed to examine source features more directly. This paper describes the development of the measurement and analysis capability and its application to a horizontal firing of a GEM-60 solid propellant rocket motor firing conducted at ATK Space Systems near Promontory, Utah. An analysis of near-field intensity data provides insight both into the spatial extent and principal radiation lobe as a function of frequency. For 50 Hz, the far-field spectral peak frequency in the maximum radiation direction, the dominant source region derived from tracing the near-field intensity vectors spans 17-32 nozzle diameters, with peak radiation at ~68°. At high frequencies, the radiation results from a more contracted region that occurs farther upstream and is directed at about ~85°. These results point to the potential utility of near-field vector intensity measurements, in part because the near-field environments represented do not agree with historical far-field data-based models.

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