Previous research indicates that people implicitly prefer self-chosen objects to other chosen objects, even when both kinds of objects are in their possession. Extending this finding, we investigated how the number of choice options and independent vs.interdependent social orientations affect this choice effect in Japanese students. Using the implicit association test, we found that self-chosen possessions were implicitly preferred to possessions chosen by others. Furthermore, this choice effect was larger when participants selected items from a large array of choice options (30) compared to fewer options (12), reflecting positive consequences of their own choices from a larger number of options. Moreover, the effect of the number of choice options on the choice effect arose clearly when participants ’ levels of independence were relatively high. We discuss the implications of the present findings for research on choice, its contexts, and social orientations.

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An active queue management (AQM) scheme is proposed to reduce throughput bias for UDP flows over TCP. It is argued that existing AQM methods partially involve a flow-indifferent factor that does not take into account of bandwidth usage of flows when they determine packet drop, thus resulting in unfairness. The proposed scheme replaces the flow-indifferent part with a flow-wise one by approximating per-flow fair share, which permits the discrimination of unresponsive flows. Since it is a stateless process, it avoids the overhead of tracking the statistics of flows and implementation is simple. A performance evaluation shows that it effectively limits the bandwidth of unresponsive flows to their fair share of bandwidth. In addition, it can also encourage RTT-fairness among TCP flows with different delays.

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Nuclear emulsions are used to investigate spallations produced by 4.5 A GeV/c ²⁴Mg and ²⁸Si nuclei. The integral multiplicity distribution of disintegrated particles from target nuclei is used to separate the inelastic interactions with the free hydrogen (H), the light (CNO), and the heavy (AgBr) nuclei. Angle of flow, transverse momentum, angular characteristics, and azimuthal alignment data are analyzed for the presence collective fragments in ²⁴Mg+Ag(Br) and ²⁸Si+Ag(Br) collisions with emulsion nuclei at 4.5 A GeV/c. The determination of the reaction plane is powerful tool for investigating the nucleus-nucleus interactions. The analysis of the projection of the transverse momentum, angular characteristics, azimuthal alignment and range onto the reaction plane shows a significant side splash of the target fragment.

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The present study examined the effects of food-deprivation and food-reward on the behavior of rats in the eight-arm radial maze. In the free-choice training, all of the four groups of rats, deprived-and-rewarded (DR), deprived-and-unrewarded (DU), nondeprived-and-rewarded (NR), and nondeprived-and-unrewarded (NU), made choice more efficiently than chance level, but the rats in DR made fewer errors than the other three groups. As for the choice patterns, all the groups showed the tendency to choose the arms 90° apart from the arms chosen just before. This tendency was shown most significantly in DR. These findings suggest that the efficient arm-choice behavior of rats is not determined by a simple effect of either food-deprivation or food-reward but by an interactive effect of these two factors.

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We propose a character size optimization technique to reduce the number of EB shots of multi-column-cell (MCC) lithographic systems in which transistor patterns are projected with multiple column cells in parallel. Each and every column cell is capable of projecting patterns with character projection (CP) and variable shaped beam (VSB) methods. Seeking the optimal character size of characters contributes to minimizing the number of EB shots and reducing the fabrication cost for ICs. Experimental results show that the character size optimization achieved 70.6% less EB shots in the best case with an available electron beam (EB) size. Our technique also achieved 40.6% less EB shots in the best case than a conventional character sizing technique.

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Eudaimonic images can be conveyed through products. As people have awakened with regard to spiritual value, the paradigm informing product design has changed. Other than the basic demands of function and aesthetics, product design should return to the nature of bringing happiness to the people, pursuing design performance that conforms to this value. This study used eudaimonia as the starting point to describe the correlation between the philosophy of eudaimonia and product design. A focus group method and qualitative study were conducted to discover the consensus and divergent views among designers and users with regard to the expression of eudaimonic design and to construct a model for product design based on it. The research process was divided into the three parts: (1) A literature analysis focused on the philosophy of eudaimonia and product trends. (2) Designers and users were used as subjects and existing products were used as samples for dual-track focus groups. (3) Cross-referencing of the data and the literature were conducted based on the summarized results from the focus groups to verify the model's reasonableness. The results of this study could be used as a reference for product development and design practice in relevant industries. It is hoped that the guidance of eudaimonic design thinking could result in product design being brought closer to the needs of the people.

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Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are highly important because of their main role in cellular processes and biochemical pathways; therefore, PPI can be very useful in the prediction of protein functions. Experimental techniques of PPI detection have certain drawbacks; hence computational methods can be used to complement wet lab techniques. Such methods can be applied to PPI prediction as well as validation of experimental results. Computational algorithms can lead to many false PPI predictions, which in turn result in non-adequate performance. We have developed a novel method based on combined analysis, entitled PPIccc. Three different descriptors for PPIccc included gene co-expression values, codon usage similarity and conservation of surface residues between protein products of a gene pair, which combined to predict PPI. Validation of results based on Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) indicated improvement of performance in our proposed method. The results also revealed that conservation of surface residues between proteins in combination with codon usage similarity of their related genes increase the performance of PPI prediction. This means that codon usage similarity and surface residues between proteins (only sequence-based features) can predict PPIs as good as PPIccc.

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In the present study, 27 mitochondrial genomes of diverse avian supra-orders were collected from the Genbank database and their genes were aligned separately. From the alignments, the conserved sequences were selected to design novel conserved primers for amplification and sequencing of the different mitochondrial genes. The reproducibility of these primers was tested in the amplification and sequencing of diverse avian supra-order mitochondrial genomes and was confirmed. This method helped in designing a new set of primers to accelerate both the amplification and the sequencing of bird mitogenomes. It also aids in building mitogenome markers in studying the genetic framework of endemic birds as a preliminary strategy for conservation management of them.

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We describe a novel method, two-dimensional electrophoresis/phage panning (2D-PP), for the generation of antibodies against proteins in crude biochemical samples, such as cellular membrane fractions. These sources have traditionally presented problems as to the development of antibodies by conventional techniques. 2D-PP involves two-dimensional resolution of proteins, blotting of the proteins onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and screening of a phage antibody library and isolation of corresponding antibodies. By 2D-PP with detergent-insoluble “lipid rafts” as a target protein complex, we obtained specific phage pools against eight antigen spots (from a total of 39 spots). These antibodies were functional in Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assaying (ELISA), and immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library. Propagation of anti-nitrocellulose phages was the major problem in 2D-PP, but was overcome by the use of the soluble anti-nitrocellulose antibody fragment. 2D-PP constitutes a key tool for functional analysis of proteins in complex fractions.

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We prove that a discrete group $G$ is amenable if and only if it is strongly unitarizable in the following sense: every unitarizable representation $\pi$ on $G$ can be unitarized by an invertible chosen in the von Neumann algebra generated by the range of $\pi$. Analogously, a $C^*$-algebra $A$ is nuclear if and only if any bounded homomorphism $u: A\to B(H)$ is strongly similar to a $*$-homomorphism in the sense that there is an invertible operator $\xi$ in the von Neumann algebra generated by the range of $u$ such that $a\to \xi u(a) \xi^{-1}$ is a $*$-homomorphism. An analogous characterization holds in terms of derivations. We apply this to answer several questions left open in our previous work concerning the length $L(A\otimes_{\max} B)$ of the maximal tensor product $A\otimes_{\max} B$ of two unital $C^*$-algebras, when we consider its generation by the subalgebras $A\otimes 1$ and $1\otimes B$. We show that if $L(A\otimes_{\max} B)<\infty$ either for $B=B(\ell_2)$ or when $B$ is the $C^*$-algebra (either full or reduced) of a non-Abelian free group, then $A$ must be nuclear. We also show that $L(A\otimes_{\max} B)\le d$ if and only if the canonical quotient map from the unital free product $A\ast B$ onto $A\otimes_{\max} B$ remains a complete quotient map when restricted to the closed span of the words of length at most $d$.

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While working on Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison, Richardson often denounces the saying that a reformed rake makes the best husband. At the same time, he is very nervous about the doctrine of moderate rakery suggested by Lady Bradshaigh. She says in one of her letters to Richardson that is is quite all right for him to accuse an abandoned profligate, but she wonders why he cannot show some leniency toward such a man as moderate rake. For him, however, a rake is a rake, whether abandoned or moderate ; or so he gives his admirers to understand. The above saying or the doctrine of moderate rakery seems to have reminded him of his own Pamela, which, it appears, is partly based upon these ideas. Now the use of the reformed rake convention is often found, not only in the so-called Sentimental Comedy or Genteel Comedy of his days, but also in prose literature such as the Spectator or the Tatler. In this connection, it seems rather interesting to the present writer that, while defending himself against the doctrine of moderate rakery, Richardson refers to Colley Cibber, who, he says, holds this doctrine and once laughed at him for his defence of male-virgin or what Fielding calls male-chastity. This is interesting in view of the fact that Cibber is one of the representative writers of the Sentimental Comedy, where the doctrine which Richardson hates is often taken for granted, and, as is seen in Cibber's works, the happy ending is brought about by the more or less doubtful repentance of the moderate rake in the last act. Richardson cannot accept such morally ambiguous solution seen in what Allardyce Nicoll calls moral-immoral comedies. Richard Steele's The Conscious Lovers represents the new trends in drama against these moral-immoral comedies. Its strong moralizing tendency reminds us of Parson Adams' words in Fielding's Joseph Andrews that "there are some things almost solemn enough for a sermon" in this play. The present writer suspects that Richardson's words against Cibber and Lady Bradshaigh in his letter are based upon the dialogue between Mr. Sealand and Sir John Bevil on similar topic in The Conscious Lovers. This comedy of Steele's seems to have furnished Richardson with valuable hints in fighting against the moral ambiguity of the Sentimental Comedy as is seen in Cibber's works.

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Through the modular embedding of the complex n-dimensional ball Bⁿ_C into the Siegel upper half-space Sⁿ⁺¹ of degree n + 1 with respect to the Eisenstein integers Z[ω], we pull back the theta constants on Sⁿ⁺¹. We find a condition on the characteristics of the theta constants so that the pullbacks are non-zero automorphic forms on Bⁿ_C with respect to the congruence subgroup Γ(1−ω). These automorphic forms are real valued on the real ball naturally embedded in the complex ball.

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非常字率や中退者・留年者率の高さにみられるブラジル教育の低迷は, 質の高い普通基礎教育を組織する国の政治的責任が欠如した結果である.1980年代における教育制度の民営化と分権化は, この傾向にもっぱら拍車をかけるものとなった.その結果, 多くの人々は量・質ともに限られた教育しか受けられなくなり, 質の高い教育は少数のエリート層の独占する者となった.有名な公立高等教育機関への道である私立学校で教育を受けることがてきるのは, 余裕があるエリート層だけなのである.1979年結成の労働者党(Partidodos Trabalhadores-PT)は常に, 保守的な支配層エリートに対する闘いの先頭に立って, 民主社会主義イデオロギーに基づく政策に沿って公教育の拡大と向上をめざしている.1989年の一斉自治体首長選挙で, 労働者党はサン・パウロ市市長当選をはたし, はじめて大きな政治的な勝利をおさめた.この時, 教育長に任命されたのが, 結成時以来の労働者党員であるパウロ・フレイレであった.学校教育改革のかつてないこの好機に, 1989年から1992年の4年間という短い任期だったが, パウロ・フレイレは「参加」「分権」「自治」の三つの原則に基づく「民衆的公立学校」(Popular Public School)の構築にとりくんだ.これらの原則を指針として(1)学校の運営の民主化, (2)教育機会の平等化, (3)教育の質の向上, (4)勤労青少年教育と成人教育, という四つの行動分野が定められた.ブルジョア学校を民衆的公立学校に変革するためには, 権威主義的行政組織を, 「権力」が一部の選ばれた人々でなくコミュニティ全体に共有される, 民主社会主義的原則に基づく組織に変える必要があった.この目的を果たすために, 従来の学校評議会が意志決定プロセスの鍵となる機関として位置づけられ, 学校運営の新しいモデルが提起された.学校評議会は40人(親・保護者10人, 生徒10人, 教員10人と学校職員10人)で構成されており, 各学校の教育プロジェクトの開発, 管理運営と予算決定の権限を有していた.学校評議会の確立は, 学校そのものを「民衆の場」(Popular space)に変革することであった.本稿では, 第一に, 労働者党政権が推進した管理運営改革の政策を, 一つの市立学校の事例に焦点を当てて, 4年間にわたる学校評議会の活動, 困難, 成果を論じる.第二に, カリキュラム改革プログラム, 特に「生成テーマ」による学際的カリキュラム, すなわち, 学際プロジェクト(Inter Project)の実地を論じる.学際プロジェクトは, 退学者や留年者の割合を減らすために, 児童生徒により意味のあるカリキュラム構築を実現して, 公教育の質の向上をはかろうとするものだった.この目標を達成するため, 学際プロジェクトは対話的省察と参加の原理を中心としたフレイレの課題提起教育学と生成テーマの概念に基づいて構想された.学際プロジェクトは教師, 「学校コミュニティ」, 親の教育に対する先入観に挑戦した.最後に, 教師の資質向上だけでなく, かれらの信念や態度の変革めざした, 教師の専門職としての力量形成プログラムを分析する.パウロ・フレイレが教育長に就任したとき, 彼は4年という短い期間で公立学校の現実を変革することが難しいことを承知していた.しかし, 不十分な点, 抵抗, 批判, が多々あったにせよ, この改革は, 学校教育の新しい概念形成の土台となる新しい「教育の政治学」の基盤を築くことに成功した.同時に, この改革は多くの教師や教育者に, 政治的な意志があればブラジルの公教育システムの質を向上させることが出来るという希望と確信を与え, かれらを激励した.この経験は, 日本が教育のプロセスにおいて親, 教師, 生徒が主導権を発揮し, 学校が地域共同体との協同のもとに構築される教育の対案を求めている現時点において, 指標になりうるものである.

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