Pharmacists working in the intensive care unit (ICU) in Saiseikai Yokohamashi Hospital are mainly responsible for managing the stock of drugs, providing drug information to other medical staff, educating them for rational drug therapy, and providing pharmaceutical care to the patients. In order to evaluate the contribution to the rational drug therapy, we investigated the acceptance rate of the drug information that the pharmacists in the ICU provided to the physicians from February to May in 2009. The number of cases in which drug information was provided by the pharmacists to the physicians during the period was 288. It was suggested that more than half of the information could optimize the drug dosage regimens and correct the inadequate prescriptions. Furthermore, 98.9% of the information provided by pharmacists was accepted by physicians. We questioned 5 intensivists to evaluate the information with a 5 point scale (maximum score was 4, minimum score was 0) and then the average of score was 3.3. In addition, their evaluation of the information about optimizing the drug dosage regimens marked the highest point (over 3.5). Meanwhile, providing drug information which led the physicians to correct the inadequate prescriptions contributed to reduce the cost of the drug therapy by 900000 yen during the period. As a result, it was suggested that the intensivists highly appreciated the information offered by the pharmacists and the information contributed to enhance high-quality drug therapy. Additionally, the economic impact was identified through the cost reduction in drug therapy.

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The East Hillside Line in Nagoya (also referred to as Kyuryo Line) is the first commercial application of the magnetic levitation system for HSST in Japan, currently under construction for the grand opening of the World Exposition, "Aichi Expo 2005" scheduled for March 2005. This report summarizes the system description of the HSST system and its latest status including design concept of prototype vehicles for Kyuryo Line.

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  Pharmacists are providing pharmaceutical care in general wards, but it is still not common in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, we have worked in ICU, and recommended the rational dosage regimen of the antibiotics to the physicians during the treatment period. Especially, the patients who were infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in ICU should be provided appropriate antibiotic therapy, otherwise they have a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate usefulness of the pharmacists' intervention on the antibiotic therapy for MRSA infectious diseases in the ICU. We investigated retrospectively the period of anti MRSA drugs administration, the medical cost, which includes cost of anti MRSA drugs and hospital charge, and the initial trough concentration of vancomycin (VCM). The patients with MRSA pneumonia were classified into two groups according to the pharmacists' intervention. The number of the patients who the pharmacists performed dosage regimen of anti MRSA drug was 11 (intervention group) and that of the patients who the pharmacists performed no intervention was 47 (control group). The average period of administration of anti MRSA drugs in the intervention group was significantly decreased in 5 days. Furthermore, if the pharmacists performed dosage regimen of anti MRSA drug to the patients in control group, the medical cost of 10 million yen would be saved. The initial trough concentrations of VCM were not significantly different between two groups. However, the achievement rates are 75.0% in intervention group and 66.7% in control group, if the goal of trough level of VCM is set from 5 to 15 μg/ml. Moreover, there are 75.0% in intervention group and 20.8% in control group, if the goal of trough level of VCM is set from 10 to 20 μg/ml, which is significantly different between the two groups. Therefore, it was suggested that the pharmacists in the ICU contributed to optimize the anti MRSA therapy and reduce the medical cost.

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Academic and business literature in Japan on merchandising, a core capability in the management of department stores, describe the “Buyers Manual" edited by the National Retail Merchants Association. This manual was introduced into department stores in Japan, as the nation was recovering after World War II. Among Japanese department stores, Isetan tried to transplant the knowledge presented in this manual by re-editing it into an in-house document entitled “Merchandising (MD) Notes." Subsequently, both of these sets of knowledge materials were transferred to multiple department stores when top Isetan managers left the company to join competitors. Focusing on these knowledge materials, the author analyzes the transfer of knowledge in the department store industry.

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Japan has the fastest growth of aging ratio in the world. In addition to population decrease, the combination of the aging population with a diminishing number of children is becoming a critical issue. It is said that aging reduces the total railway demand. The study clarifies the number of immigrants and emigrants in each area along railway lines. The migrations between the railway lines having different characteristics of trends in age-structure are compared in the study. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, aspects of the population migrations are different in each area, and as a result, the difference in age structure causes a difference of railway passengers. In considering the details of population migration as presented in this study, additional strategic railway policy is necessary in the near future.

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We investigated whether we could applied the new "criteria of guideline for liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)" to children. Eight children with FHF were evaluated by new criteria at the onset of hepatic encephalopathy (day 0) and 5 days after encephalopathy (day 5), retrospectively. At day 0, only a patient who was received liver transplantation was predicted as dead accurately. At day 5, 4 patients alive without liver transplantation were judged as alive, and 3 patients received liver transplantation were judged as dead, accurately. New criteria permit accurate prognosis for children with FHF as well as adults. However, scoring according to new criteria should be evaluated sequentially, not only at day 0 in children.

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 In the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, many civil infrastructures were heavily damaged by the tsunami, but most structures designed with post-1990 code were not damaged by ground motion. However, unretrofitted road bridges designed with pre-1980 code were damaged and it should be noted that some bridges designed with post-1995 code were severely damaged. In this earthquake, cracks in elastomeric bearings were observed in a wide region in the east part of Japan, and rupture of elastomeric bearings occurred in some bridges. This paper summarizes the characteristics of damage to road bridges induced by ground motion, especially focusing on damage to the rubber bearings of bridges.

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This paper reports prompt space-borne ALOS-2 SAR observation results of Hokkaido-Iburi-

earthquake on 2018/09/06. Emphasis is placed on quick survey for disaster monitoring using fully polarimetric data. On 2018/09/08, ALOS-2 has acquired data over the disaster area. By comparison of the previous data (2017/08/26) before the earthquake, damaged areas by landslides are clearly detected. The analysis is based on the scattering power decomposition, which retrieves scattering mechanism change from bare soil surface caused by landslide and serves to identify the landslide location. The decomposition and anisotropy images are presented to show the effectiveness of fully polarimetric SAR sensing from space.

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  Community pharmacy is evolving to provide additional services to patients such as compliance improvement, self-care and OTC consultations and advising on daily activities to supplement medical treatment. Currently in Japan, it has been estimated that 1.5 to 2 million people have chronic hepatitis C. We have attempted to increase the population's knowledge of this important issue with educational brochures about hepatitis C and placing posters encouraging them to ask medical professionals about their health problems. Peg-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy has an efficacy rate of approximately 60%. The side effects might present in different ways and frequency depending on the treatment duration; therefore, pharmacists should monitor patients carefully during the entire treatment period with particular attention to OTC drug use, daily activity, etc. Additionally, for outpatients community pharmacy has responsibility to avoid drug-related adverse events in the patients' daily life, so monitoring for clinical signs of side effects is necessary. We created the “Clinical Pathway for Healthcare Network of Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment via the Medication Notebook Type” (Clinical Pathway) for patients who received Peg-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. We are beginning to provide the new version of this service to patients as one of the pharmaceutical care components in the community pharmacy. I would like to describe how we cooperate with other community pharmacies using the “Clinical Pathway”, which is to improve patient care in the community pharmacies.

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Department of Geography and Planning, University of Akron, Abstract: Japan's ancient provinces were converted into modern prefectures after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. In the Kanto region, the eight former provinces of Musashi, Sagami, Awa, Kazusa, Shimosa, Hitachi, Shimotsuke, and Kozuke were reorganized into the seven prefectures of Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa, Chiba, Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma. At the same time, railroads were being built to provide a new transportation method linking geographic areas.
To what extent and how rapidly did the new prefectures replace the old provinces in geographic perception? One measure of that acceptance is how the new prefectures influenced the names given to rail companies, lines, and stations, all of which were created after the province system was replaced.
Mapping and categorizing of rail names from 1872 to 1995 shows that province-based names significantly outnumbered prefecture-based names. This is especially true for station names, but is strongly apparent for rail company and line names as well. For line names, provincebased names have outnumbered prefecture-related names throughout the period. Only in the case of company names has the number of prefecture-related names (including those based on a capital city with the same name as the prefecture) finally exceeded the number of provincebased names. Spatially, province-based company, line, and station names are spread extensively throughout most of the Kanto region, whereas prefecture/capital-based names are found primarily in and around Tokyo itself.
These temporal and spatial patterns reveal that the provinces have lived on in geographic perception long after their official demise.

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 伊豆半島の東半分およびその沖合の相模湾底に100個程度の単成火山の群れである伊豆東部火山群が分布している．大室山（標高580m．写真右上の薄茶色の小山）は，底径1km，比高300mほどの美しいプリン状のスコリア丘で，およそ4,000年前の噴火によってできた．山頂には直径250m，深さ40mのスリバチ状の火口があり，観光リフトによって簡単に登山・散策できる．山頂からの360度のパノラマは見事である．
 大室山から流出した溶岩は北方・東方・南方へと流れ下り，地形の凹凸を埋めて伊豆高原（写真中央から右にかけての台地）をつくるとともに，幅4kmほどの範囲で相模湾に流れこんで城ヶ崎海岸（写真左から下にかけての凹凸の激しい海岸）をつくった．海岸ぞいでは，柱状節理・溶岩じわなどのさまざまな溶岩流の造形を観察することができる．写真左上の山は，第四紀火山のひとつである天城山．
（写真：白尾元理，2010年1月7日撮影；解説：小山真人）

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This study illustrates the characteristics of population migration along railways in Tokyo Metropolitan Area in recent years. Using OD data of population movement of each line, it was identified that the population movement, net migration, and migration of men and women differed between the lines. In addition, it was founded that the difference in facility location, housing type, land prices, preference as a place of residence, etc. are the factors that affect migration. Japan is the world's fastest aging country, and it is said that aging will reduce railway demand. Urban railway companies also hope that more young people live in the area along their railway since an aging society makes a negative impact on not only the revenue from passengers but also the revenue from the related businesses along the urban railway lines such as housing, commercial facilities, entertainment facilities and so on.

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　女性の社会進出等の働き方の変化により，居住地・従業地の選択が変化してきている．また，2020年にはCOVID-19パンデミックが起こり，これまであまり普及しなかったテレワークが急速に拡大するといった働き方の変化が起きた．今後の長期的な都市整備計画等の検討においてこれらの変化は取り込む必要があるが，鉄道利用実態から分析された研究はなされていない．本研究では今後の首都圏路線の沿線活性化に向けた基礎分析とするため東武伊勢崎線・東上線をケーススタディ対象として，男女別鉄道利用実態と利用変化の影響を明らかにする．鉄道利用データ分析からは両線において女性の23区従業者が増えており，居住地・従業地選択として乗り換えの容易さが重要視されていること，COVID-19により都心3区とその周辺区における通勤者の減少が大きいことが判明した．

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症例は糖尿病歴20年の62歳，女性．SU剤を内服中であったが，高血糖にて4年前にインスリン療法を導入．同時にBasedow病も指摘されメチマゾール10 mg内服中であった．スクリーニングの腹部CT scanにて肝内に多数の腫瘤を認め，肝腫瘍疑いにて精査入院．入院時検査では，HbA_1c 9.2%，AST, ALTの高値を認めた．尿CPRは50.7 μg/日であったが，抗GAD抗体高値であり，自己免疫性1型糖尿病と診断した．甲状腺機能は正常範囲であった．肝内の腫瘤様病変は画像検査所見より肝限局性脂肪沈着（限局性脂肪肝）と診断した．インスリン療法に加え，ピオグリタゾンとメトホルミンの併用を開始し，食事管理を行ったところ血糖コントロールは改善し，体重も減少した．6カ月後に施行した腹部CT scanにて肝内の限局性脂肪沈着は消失した．限局性脂肪肝は比較的稀な疾患であり，かつ，血糖コントロール後に画像上脂肪沈着が著明に改善した稀な症例を経験した．

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Our modified Phemister procedure (4 in 1 procedure) composed of coracoclavicular ligament repair, Kirschner wire fixation of the acromioclavicular joint, acromioclavicular ligament repair and overlapped suture of deltoid and trapezium muscle in 1 incision. Kirschner wires were removed between 8 and 10 weeks after the surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of our 4 in 1 procedure for acromioclavicular dislocation. 37 cases with Rockwood classification Types III to V acromioclavicular dislocation had been operated at Saiseikai Kanagawaken Hospital and Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital from 2000 to 2006. The average age at operation was 39.6 years old (17 - 63 years old). The clinical results were evaluated by the Japan Shoulder Society (JSS) score for acromioclavicular dislocation. Using anteroposterior roentgenographic views, rates of acromioclavicular dislocation, coraco-clavicular distances, acromioclavicular osteoarthritis and ossification of the coracoclavicular ligament were evaluated. These factors were examined statistically by using nonparametric tests. The postoperative JSS scores (Type III/Type IV/Type V) were 97.8(93-100)/86.0(82-90)/95.9(82-100)(p>0.05). Acromioclavicular dislocation rates (Type III /Type IV/Type V) after the removal of K-wires were 6.89 % (0-22.2)/28.6% (0-57.1)/32.5%(0-83.3)(p>0.05). Coracoclavicular distances(Type III/Type IV/Type V) after the removal of K-wires were 85.7%(30.0-125)/133%(85.7-180)/141%(57.1-257)(p>0.05). Ossification of coracoclavicular ligament (Type III/Type IV/Type V) were observed 16.7%/50.0%/44.8% (p>0.05). Acromioclavicular osteoarthritis (Type III/Type IV/Type V) were observed 33.3 %/50.0%/34.5% (p>0.05). The clinical results of 4 in 1 procedure were satisfactory. But there is necessity to reconsider the term, the location and the technique of K-wire fixation.

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  Physiologically, anemia often occurs during pregnancy because of an increase in circulating plasma volume. Pregnancy anemia is found prenatally in 50-75% of women. Based on the present survey performed in our obstetrics and gynecology ward, 52% of women experienced anemia during their pregnancy. This suggests that normal physiological changes due to pregnancy alone are not the only factors contributing to pregnancy anemia. Therefore to study the influence of lifestyle on pregnancy anemia, we investigated prepregnancy lifestyles on the assumption that the accumulation of several factors over a long period is usually the cause of anemia. The present results suggest that (i) the probability of anemia is slight in late pregnancy, if a normal Hb concentration is maintained in early pregnancy; (ii) the menstrual cycle is involved in the onset of anemia during early pregnancy; (iii) the number of meals taken and the level of alcohol consumption influence Hb concentration in late pregnancy. We believe that these findings provide a useful information source for advising patients on avoiding pregnancy anemia, which we can also use as guidance for outpatients at puberty. In conclusion, to prevent pregnancy anemia it is important to keep a regular menstrual cycle before pregnancy, and to take 3 meals/day and abstain from alcohol before and during pregnancy.

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  This paper presents the fabrication condition of the TiNi alloy powder by mechanical alloying and its shape memory characteristics of the sintered alloy. The effect of mechanical alloying condition on the characteristics of mechanically alloyed powder (MA powder) was investigated. Also, the difference in sintering behavior between the MA powder and the mixed elemental powders by V-blender and the microstructure, shape memory characteristics of the sintered alloys were also examined. The MA powder was fabricated by milling using a planetary ball mill in rotational speed from 200 rpm to 500 rpm for various milling times in an atmosphere of Ar gas. These two types of powders prepared in different processes were sintered by a pulse-current pressure sintering equipment at various sintering temperatures. The powder agglomerated and its particle size became larger with an increase in milling time. The mixture of Ti and Ni powders changed into an amorphous state by processing for 3.6 ks over 300 rpm. The alloy sintered by the MA powder showed more uniform phase of TiNi than that by the mixed elemental powders sintered in a same manner, however, the former showed a lower density than the later due to a larger particle size of its MA powder of before-sintering.

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In 1986, the Japanese government initiated a nationwide hepatitis B immunization program for infants born to HBV carrier mothers. We evaluated the long-term protective efficacy of this program. Total 105 children were vaccinated according to the schedule and we followed the levels of their serum HBs antibodies for over 4 years. Levels of their serum HBs antibodies were significantly declined at the age of 7 and older. But nobody showed evidence of HBV infection in this study period. This phenomenon is similar to those of other countries where universal vaccination have already been launched. In conclusion, long-term effectiveness of national vaccination program for mother to infant HBV infection is satisfactory and booster vaccination seems to be unnecessary at least until13 years old.

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