サラブレッド種10頭についてキシラジン, グアイフェネシン, チオペンタールで麻酔導入後, 5頭に酸素-セボフルラン麻酔 (OS), 残り5頭にグアイフェネシン-ケタミ-キシラジン混合液の持続点滴とセボフルラン吸入による全身麻酔 (GKX-OS) を行って外科手術を実施した.麻酔維持に要した終末呼気セボフルラン濃度は, OSで2.3～3.0%, GKX-OSで1.5～2.1%であり, 呼吸数および動脈圧はGKX-OSで比較的高く維持された. 起立時間はOS23～36分, GKX-OS30～45分であった.以上の成績から, GKX-OSの起立時間はOSに比較してやや長かったが, 心肺系の抑制は軽度であり, 馬の全身麻酔法として有用と考えられた.

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To examine the utility of N-nitrosamines as initiators for a 26-week two-stage rat nasal carcinogenesis model, male F344 rats were treated with 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA), possessing promoting potential for the rat nasal cavity, after initiation with 3 subcutaneous injections of 1500 mg/kg of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), 30 mg/kg of N-nitrosobis(2-oxypropyl)amine (BOP), or 30 mg/kg of N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). Histopathologically diagnosed nasal epithelial hyperplasias and tumors, including carcinomas, were induced with all three, with significant increase in the DHPN+DMA, BOP+DMA, and NPIP+DMA groups compared with the DHPN alone, BOP alone, and NPIP alone groups, respectively. These results strongly suggested that repeated subcutaneous injections of DHPN, BOP, or NPIP are useful for initiation in the present 26-week nasal carcinogenesis model.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of contrast medium incorporated in a radiopaque implant template for gingival form using computed tomography (CT). Trays were prepared with vacuum acrylic shells using casts of the gingival region of porcine mandible. Barium sulfate was then mixed with silicone impression material as a radiopaque material. The concentrations of barium sulfate were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 vol%. The CT template were replaced the porcine mandibule and was fixed by immersion in a water vessel using a phantom before cone beam CT examination. Cross-sectional images evaluated at different barium sulfate concentrations were obtained from the same part. During assessment, the images were visually evaluated using the two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) method, during which, each of 6 radiologists made an individual assessment. Statistical analysis of the results recorded by the 6 radiologists was performed. Their assessment involved allocating a score to each barium sulfate concentration image ; the 5 vol% and 10 vol% concentration images subsequently recorded the highest scores. In particular, cross-sectional images of 5 vol% barium sulfate scored higher than those of all other concentrations. CT templates comprising silicone impression materials containing 5 vol% barium sulfate were easy to use with regard to precise visualization of gingival form. The present study suggests that CT templates comprising silicone impression material containing 5 vol% barium sulfate provide useful information in the assessment of soft tissue structures such as the gingiva prior to implant treatment.

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サラブレッド種競走用馬29頭の手術症例のイソフルレン麻酔において, 血圧管理を目的としてドブタミンを投与し, その有用性を検討した。アトロピンおよびキシラジンによる前処置後チオペンタールとグアイフェネシンにより導入・倒馬した。呼吸管理は間歇的陽圧換気法を用いた。横臥姿勢では平均0.30±0.08μg/kg/min仰臥姿勢では平均0.66±0.40μg/kg/minのドブタミソ投与によって目標とした平均動脈圧 (70mmHg) の維持が可能であった。ドブタミンの投与開始後, 一過性の心房および心室性期外収縮1例, 房室接合部性期外収縮1例が認められたが, その他の異常所見は観察されなかった。また, 全ての症例において起立および起立後の状態は良好であった。これらのことから, 馬のイソフルレン麻酔におけるドブタミンの高い有用性が示唆された。

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1992年の時点でSAS社が開発を進めている新しい統計プロシジャ群の概要を紹介する.

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A total of 20 racehorses with longitudinal fractures underwent internal fixation surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia combined with infusion of medetomidine (3 µg/kg/hr) alone (10 horses, group M) or medetomidine and fentanyl (7 µg/kg/hr) (10 horses, group FM). In group FM, the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration during surgery was maintained significantly lower than in group M (2.8–2.9% for group M vs. 2.2–2.6% for group FM, P<0.01). The mean arterial blood pressure was maintained over 70 mmHg using dobutamine infusion (group M, 0.36–0.54 µg/kg/min; group FM, 0.27–0.65 µg/kg/min), and the recovery qualities were clinically acceptable in both groups. In conclusion, co-administration of fentanyl and medetomidine by constant rate infusion may be a clinically useful intraoperative anesthetic adjunct for horses to reduce the requirement of sevoflurane when they undergo orthopedic surgery.

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A retrospective evaluation of spontaneous hepatocellular tumors in B6C3F, mice of 9 two-year and 4 seventy eight-week carcinogenicity studies was conducted. The incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas (HCCs) in males were significantly higher than those in females in both series, and development of less-well-differentiated carcinomas with metastases was clearly linked to aging.
PCNA positive indices of well-differentiated HCCs were significantly higher than those of hepatocyte foci, hepatocellular adenomas, and moderately differentiated HCCs. This parameter was useful for the definition of foci and adenomas because in these cases the PCNA positive cells demonstrated a uniform distribution pattern. The number of AgNOR dots tended to increase in accordance with the progression of hepatocarcinogenesis, with bizarre-irregularly shaped forms found in the nuclei of moderately differentiated HCC cells. This parameter therefore appears to be useful for evaluation of the degree of malignancy in hepatocellular carcinomas.
While no c-H-ras protein expression could be detected in 9 cases of well-differentiated HCCs examined in the present study, 18 to 50% of preneoplastic lesions (foci) and neoplastic lesions including adenoma, carcinoma within adenoma, and moderately differentiated HCC.
The present study showed that assessment of the atypical grade in HCC is paramount for evaluation of malignancy, requiring appropriate methods for objective diagnosis.

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伐採・農地化といった人為的インパクトがシダ植物の種多様性,種組成,被度に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために,中国雲南省南部の常緑広葉樹林とその伐採・畑跡地に成立した落葉広葉樹林を対象に調査・比較解析を行った.その結果,落葉広葉樹林におけるシダ植物の種多様性は常緑広葉樹林のそれと同等であったが,落葉広葉樹林は非森林生の地上生シダ,常緑広葉樹林は森林生の着生シダで特徴づけられるなど,種組成には若干の差異が認められた.また,積算被度にも差異が認められ,非森林生の地上生シダについては落葉広葉樹林で大きく,森林生の地上生シダおよび着生シダについては常緑広葉樹林で大きかった.これらから,調査地はシダ植物の再定着が進みやすいサイトであるが,その確実な保全のためには人為的インパクトの拡大を避けるべきと考えられた.

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タバコの煙や排気ガスなどに含まれる環境汚染物質アクロレイン (CH₂=CH-CHO) とタンパク質との反応を解析し, リジン残基の選択的修飾に伴う新規付加体FDP-リジンの生成を確立した。FDP-リジンはアクロレイン修飾タンパク質のみならず, 酸化LDLからも検出されたことから, 脂質過酸化産物である可能性が示唆された。そこで, FDP-リジンに対するモノクローナル抗体を作製し, in vitro系における抗原物質の生成を免疫化学的手法により検討したところ, LDL過酸化や不飽和脂肪酸自動酸化系などにおいてFDP-リジンの生成が観察された。さらに, 動脈硬化巣などの生体組織においても顕著な陽性染色所見が得られたことなどから, 生体内においてもアクロレインが脂質過酸化反応に伴い生成され, さらにタンパク質との反応により特異的な付加体 (FDP-リジン) を生成することが立証された。

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This study compares clinical characteristics between induction with thiopental/guaifenesin and propofol/ketamine in Thoroughbred racehorses anesthetized with sevoflurane and medetomidine. Clinical records of 214 horses that underwent arthroscopic surgery between 2015 and 2016 were retrospectively retrieved. Horses were premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam to sedate at the adequate level for smooth induction, and then induced with either thiopental (4.0 mg/kg) and guaifenesin (100 mg/kg) in Group TG (n=91) or propofol (1.0 mg/kg) and ketamine (1.0 mg/kg) in Group PK (n=123). Anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane with constant rate infusion of medetomidine. Quality of induction/recovery, sevoflurane requirement, cardiovascular function and recovery characteristics were evaluated. Anesthetic induction scores (median, range) for Group TG (5, 2–5) and Group PK (5, 2–5) were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (mean ± standard deviation) between Group TG and Group PK (both 2.4 ± 0.2%). Dobutamine infusion rate (µg/kg/min) required for keeping mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) above 70 mmHg in Group PK (0.43, 0.10–1.40) was significantly lower than in Group TG (0.67, 0.08–1.56). Recovery score in Group PK (5, 2–5) was significantly higher than in Group TG (4, 2–5). Both propofol/ketamine and thiopental/guaifenesin provided a smooth induction of anesthesia. Moreover, induction with propofol/ketamine resulted in lower dobutamine requirements for keeping MAP above 70 mmHg during maintenance, and better quality of recovery. Induction with propofol/ketamine would be preferable to thiopental/guaifenesin in Thoroughbred racehorses anesthetized with sevoflurane and medetomidine during arthroscopic surgery.

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新薬開発の毒性試験等では,標準的なデータ解析手法として,群間比較あるいは用量反応性検出のための各種多重比較法が用いられている.これらの手法の多くは各処置群での分散の均一性を前提としているが,特に毒性試験データでは,各群の分散が不均一であることが多い.その際に,等分散性を仮定した多重比較法の使用は不合理であるが,どのような不合理性が生ずるのかは必ずしもよく認識されているとは言い難い.
本論では,はじめに,処置群ごとの不等分散性がこれまでの標準的な多重比較法の有意水準および検出力に及ぼす影響の評価を行なう.次に,近年注目を集めているコンピュータを用いたresampling法による多重性調整アルゴリズムを不等分散の場合に拡張する.そして,ここで提案した手法がどの種の多重比較に有効であるかを数値例によって示す.

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A gene expression module (module for short) is a set of genes with shared expression behavior under certain experimental conditions. Discovering of modules enables us to uncover the function of uncharacterized genes or genetic networks. In recent years, several biclustering methods have been suggested to discover modules from gene expression data matrices, where a bicluster is defined as a subset of genes that exhibit a highly correlated expression pattern over a subset of conditions. Biclustering however involves combinatorial optimization in selecting the rows and columns composing modules. Hence most existing algorithms are based on heuristic or stochastic approaches and produce possibly sub-optimal solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel biclustering method, BiModule, based on a closed itemset enumeration algorithm. By exhaustive enumeration of such biclusters, it is possible to select only biclusters satisfying certain criteria such as a user-specified bicluster size, an enrichment of functional annotation terms, etc. We performed comparative experiments to existing salient biclustering methods to test the validity of biclusters extracted by BiModule using synthetic data and real expression data. We show that BiModule provides high performance compared to the other methods in extracting artificially-embedded modules as well as modules strongly related to GO annotations, protein-protein interactions and metabolic pathways.

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The ontogeny of Ilisha elongata was reviewed, and their early distribution was examined because information on the early life history of this species is limited. Revision in ontogeny revealed several unique characteristics to this species, such as two chorions in the egg and a more anterior pelvic bud (fin) position. These characteristics contrast strikingly with the clupeid fishes, suggesting that this species belongs to the Pristigasteridae and not to the Clupeidae. Data from ichthyoplankton collected in March, May, July and November suggest that I. elongata spawned just off river mouths in summer and attained peak spawning in June. The larvae with elliptical eyes migrated inside the rivers, where the waters were more turbid. Thus, the spawning and nursery grounds of I. elongata almost entirely overlapped with those of the clupeid Sardinella zunasi both temporally and spatially, which may result in larval competition between the two species.

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We investigated whether gender and racing performance of Thoroughbred racehorses affected the relationship between the heart rate and running speed. Twenty well-trained Thoroughbred racehorses, 7 “open” horses (3 males and 4 females) and 13 “non-open” horses (3 males and 10 females), in JRA Ritto Training Center were used in this study. When the horses cantered around the 500 m circular dirt course at submaximal speed, lap times were measured to calculate mean running speed. Heart rates of the horses were recorded on heart rate monitors during exercise. There was a significant difference in the heart rates between male and female horses (p<0.05). On racing performance, there was a tendency for heart rates to be lower in “open” horses (p=0.11). These results suggest that the aerobic capacity of male horses may be higher.

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多重検定の問題に対して多重性を調整したp値を求めるための一般的な方法にブートストラップまたは並べかえに基づいたランダムな標本再抽出シミュレーション法がある(Westfall & Young, 1989). SASシステムのリリース6.07で追加された新しいプロシジャMULTTESTでは,この方法により,さまざまな多重性調整p値が容易に得られることを示す.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hepatic and renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of flunixin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)- and glycerol-treated rats. After intravenous administration of flunixin (2 mg/kg), the plasma concentration of flunixin was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both acute hepatic and renal failure resulted in significantly increased area under the curve (AUC), prolonged elimination half-life (t_1/2β), and reduced total body clearance (Cl_tot) compared with respective controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, hepatic failure as well as renal failure modified the pharmacokinetics of flunixin.

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