We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , , 5 and did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP1A1, CYPA19, CYP, CYPC33v4, CYPC49, and CYP1, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYP1A1, CYPA19, CYP, CYPC49, and CYP1 showed high similarity to human CYP1A1 (85.4%), (88.%), (81.1%), (85.%), and (.5%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat (79.%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > > CYP1A1 and > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the CYP1A1, , and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYPC49 and CYP1 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYP1A1 and five CYP enzymes belonging to the gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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年間以上抗原・抗体両者陰性期が持続した17例の型慢性肝炎につき検討した.17例の初回の組織学的診断は,Liver Cirrhosis 例(35%), Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis () 例(47%), Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis(A)例(18%)で, Chronic Aggressive Hepatitis(), LCに進行していた例が全体の%と多かった.17例を経過観察中にR-PHA法で測定したHBs抗原の力価が以下に低下する例(A群)と,HBs抗原の力価が動揺する例(群)とに分けると,血清GPTはA群例では金例100K.U未満で安定していたが,群例中4例(44%)に100K.U以上の上昇がみられた.以上より,-window長期持続例は,組織学的には進行した症例が多いが,これらの中には型肝炎ウイルス(HBV)が排除され,肝炎が鎮静化してゆく群と,HBVの増殖が持続し,肝炎の増悪をきたす群との,異なった群が存在することが推定された.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.5mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.5mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.5mol%Ni-.5mol%Mo-30.5mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.5mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--(-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (4, , 12)-1-acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-4, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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The effects of T- (-[-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-,-dihydro--methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[,4-]quinolin-1-one hemifumarate), a new quinoline derivative, on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and acetylcholine (ACh) release were compared with those of the well-known cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine and 2020. T-, tacrine and 2020 all concentration-dependently inhibited AChE in rat brain homogenate (IC_50s = 109.4, 84. and 11. nM, respectively). In addition, although tacrine strongly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), T- and 2020 showed only weak activity on BuChE in human plasma. In ex vivo experiments, intraperitoneal administration of T- at a dose of 30 mg/kg inhibited AChE activity in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and parietal cortex of rats. The effect of T- on the extracellular ACh concentration in rat brain was measured using in vivo microdialysis. T- at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p. increased the extracellular ACh concentration in the hippocampus and striatum in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that T- activates the central cholinergic system by selectively inhibiting AChE activity, while weakly affecting peripheral BuChE activity, and that T- increases the extracellular ACh concentration in the brain, which is followed by inhibited AChE activity.

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Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether to perform endovascular intervention or bypass surgery as a treatment option for critical limb ischemia (CLI) with lesions in the popliteal artery or below.Subjects and Methods: A total of 150 patients (164 limbs) with CLI underwent endovascular intervention or bypass surgery for lesions in the popliteal artery or below at our department between May 1995 and June 2011. Therapeutic outcomes were examined by surgical technique. An indication for endovascular intervention was established with the combination of (1) poor general condition, and () a stenotic or occlusive lesion ≤5 cm.Results: The bypass group (group ) comprised 119 patients (99 males, 20 females) with 131 affected limbs at 46 to 89 years of age (mean: 70 years). The endovascular intervention group (group ) comprised 31 patients (25 males, females) with 33 affected limbs at 47 to 89 years of age (mean: 72 years). There was no significant difference in patient demography between the two groups. Regarding preoperative complications, hypertension was observed in 54% and 61% of the subjects in groups and , respectively, diabetes in 36% and 55%, renal dysfunction in 29% and 58%, ischemic heart disease in 27% and 32%, and cerebrovascular disorder in 18% and 23%; renal dysfunction accounted for a significantly higher percentage in group . As for early postoperative complications, subjects in group experienced wound infections ( patients), hemorrhage (), thrombosis (), pneumonia (1), and another complication (1), and those in group experienced wound infections (1) and another complication (1). The hospital mortality rate was 0.% (1 patient) for group and 0% for group . The -year cumulative primary patency rate was 72% for group and 54% for group ; the rate was significantly higher for group . The -year secondary patency rate was % for group and 60% for group . The -year limb salvage rate was 86% for group and % for group ; there was no significant difference between the two groups. The 5-year survival rate was 57% for group and 42% for group ; the survival rate was significantly lower for group .Conclusion: For the study population of CLI patients with lesions in the popliteal artery or below, the patency rate was higher for the bypass group than for the endovascular intervention group, whereas there was no difference in the limb salvage rate. Based on the findings in prognosis for survival, the indication for endovascular intervention at our department is believed to be appropriate. (*English translation of Jpn J Vasc Surg 2013; : 715-718)

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using ¹³C- and

2H

-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when L-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the

2H

incorporation selectivities were

82

.1% and 81.4% when L-[

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,7,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,4,5,

6

,7,

8

-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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The correction factor (η_ie) for the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing placed adjacent to a slope, taking into account the combined effect of horizontal and vertical seismic loads, represented by horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, k_h and k_v, respectively, was derived using a modified Janbu's slice method. The influence of slope angles ‘α’ on the values of ‘η_ie’ are studied here. It was found that the values of η_ie can be expressed as an exponential function of ‘k_h/(1-k_v)’ and ‘α’, with a measurable interdependency between ‘α’ and ‘η_ie’. The influence of ‘α’ on the value of ‘η_ie’ increases as the input value of ‘k_h/(1-k_v)’ increases. Equations derived based on the analytical results are proposed to account for this effect. Based on the analyses of 11 near-fault seismographers obtained in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, a ratio between the vertical and the horizontal seismic coefficients, λ, of between ±0.25 is suggested for including the combined effect of vertical and horizontal seismic forces in evaluating the seismic bearing capacity of footings located in near-fault areas.

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At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, -epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4, -trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, , 4-triazoline-, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), blaCMY-

2

(

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.5%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(5.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.

2

%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.5 and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.

2

%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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[Purpose] This study investigated the therapeutic effects of augmented reality (AR)-based EMG-triggered functional electric stimulation (FES) on stroke patients receiving rehabilitation. [Methods] Ten subjects who were in the chronic phase following stroke were divided into two groups for: ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES (Experimental group, n=5), and EMG-triggered FES alone (Control group, n=5). Experimental subjects received ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES for 20 minutes per day, 5 times per week over a 4 week period. Muscle activation, ankle range of motion and muscle strength were measured to identify the effect of the AR training environment with EMG-triggered FES. [Results] The muscle activation of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (GCM), as measured by EMG, the improvement was increased significantly after the intervention compared to before within the experimental groups of the tibialis anterior(TA), and the improvement was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Muscle strength of the tibialis anterior (TA) and GCM in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion were significantly greater post-intervention in the experimental group. [Conclusion] The results of this study provide evidence in support of incorporating an AR environment into ankle dorsiflexion training with FES for the improvement of muscle activity, and strength of chronic phase stroke patients.

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa-5α-ergostan--one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa-5α-ergostan--one (), were synthesized from brassicasterol (a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-, 5-cyclo-5α-ergost--en--one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (, 24R)-5α-ergosta-, -dien--one (), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy 5α-ergostan--ones 7 and .

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N-(-フルオレニル) -マレイミド (I), N-1-(4-アセトキシナフチル) -マレイミド (II), N--(-アセトキシフルオレニル) -マレイミド (III) の単独重合, 共重合をアゾビスイソブチロニトリル (IV) を開始剤としてテトラヒドロフラン中, 60℃で行った. 単独重合の初速度 (R_p) は, R_p=k [I]

2.11

[IV] ^0.64, R_p=k [II]

2.26

[IV] ^0.72, R_p=k [III] ^1.76 [IV] ^0.52となった. kは速度定数である. 全重合の活性化エネルギー (

E

), 頻度係数 (A) は

E

=26.4kcal/mol (I), 23.

3

kcal/mol (II),

22

.

8

kcal/mol (III), A=

3

.4×10¹⁵ (I),

2

.7×10¹¹ (II), 1.5×10¹¹ (III) となった. またN置換マレイミドとメタクリル酸メチル (V) との共重合におけるモノマー反応性比, Q,

e

値を次のように決定した.
I (M₁) -V (

M₂

) 系で, r₁=0.24,

r₂

=0.93, Q₁=0.43,

e₁

=1.

82

, II (M₁) -V (

M₂

) 系で, r₁=0.17,

r₂2.29

, Q₁=0.51,

e₁

=1.37, III (M₁) -V (

M₂

) 系で, r₁=0.068,

r₂

=1.34, Q₁=0.87,

e₁

=1.90となった.

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(,)-,-エポキシ-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン()をフムレン1((,,)-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,を高牧率で1から合成することができたので報告する.1のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド()は二価のチタンにより還元されて,1(273%)と(25%)と少量のを含むを主生成物(42.7%)として与えた.1とは原料として再利用できる.の精製は1と同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋なは1から通算牧率32.0%で得られた.の既知方法による合成は4段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しいの合成法は段階の反応で1回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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