We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MC3T3- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3- cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MC3T3- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-BioZX², DD-cubeX², NexxZr; and

.max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and * were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, , 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher

* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP. .max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.9±2.), L* (.7±3.4), and lowest CR (0.41±0.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.±0.4), and L* (90.2±0.) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD-cubeX² was least effected and had the highest TP (.2±0.) and lowest CR (0.43±0.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.3±0.2) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from . ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± .2 (A) and .02 ± . nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4.2 (P) to 23. ± .4 (A) and 24. ± .4 μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to .02 ± 2.92 (A) and 9.39 ± .02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to .24 ± 0.29 (A) and .08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C33v4, CYP2C49, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C49, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (85.4%), CYP2A13 (88.%), (.%), CYP2C18 (85.3%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig CYP2C33v4 cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was CYP2C33v4 and > CYP2C49 > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the CYP2C33v4 gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M-2 mixing ratio δ, and the 0-2 mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=−+0.26, and μ_k≤.×10⁻⁴ respectively. The 2 branching ratio (2; +→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:.0:.86.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M-2 mixing ratio, δ², and the dimensionless ratio X of 0-2 mixing of the 586.7 keV transition are obtained to be δ²≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The 2 branching ratio (2; +→0_g⁺): (2; +→2₁⁺): (2; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : .0 : ..

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Background : Usefulness of endoscopic microwave coagulation therapy (-MCT) was examined in 27 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Material and Methods : HCC was found in patients with type liver cirrhosis (LC), 16 patients with type C LC, and 3 patients with non non C LC. Median tumor size was 23 mm (solitary lesion , multiple ). Laparoscopic MCT was performed for S2-

6

lesion and thoracoscopic MCT for

S₈

lesion under general anesthesia. Linear type ultrasonography was used in every case for monitoring lesion ant therapeutic effect.
Results : Complete tumor necrosis was obtained in 24 cases (

81

%) and local recurrence was found in

5

cases after the observation period of maximum 34 months. Pleural abscess, hemorrhage and hepatic infarction were found in 3 cases without serious outcome.
Conclusions : We conclude that

E

-MCT is quite promising therapy for surface type HCC in term of minimally invasive and curative procedure a time. It is important that sufficient marginal coagulation should be obtained.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.9mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.9mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(9) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(9.

5

%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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N-n-ヘキシル-マレイミド (I), N-シクロヘキシル-マレイミド (II), N-ベンジル-マレイミド (III) の単独重合, 共重合をアゾビスイソブチロニトリル (IV) を開始剤としてテトラヒドロフラン中, 60℃で行った. 単独重合の初速度 (R_p) はR_p=k [I]

2.5

[IV]

0.80

, R_p=>k [II]

2.8

[IV]

0.80

, R_p=>k [III] ^2.7 [IV] ^0.54となった. kは速度定数である. 全重合の活性化エネルギー (

E

), 頻度係数 (A) は

E

=

22

.

8

kcal/mol (I),

22

.2kcal/mol (II), 24.

1

kcal/mol (III), A=9.

5

×10¹¹ (I),

6

.4×10¹¹ (II),

6

.

6

×10¹² (III) となった. またN-置換マレイミドとメタクリル酸メチル (V) との共重合におけるモノマー反応性比

r₁

, r₂およびQ,

e

値を次のように決定した. I (

M₁

) -V (M₂) 系で

r₁

=0.17, r₂=2.02,

Q₁

=0.56,

e₁

=

1

.43, II (

M₁

) -V (M₂) 系で

r₁

=0.13, r₂=2.29,

Q₁

=0.50,

e₁

=

1

.50, III (

M₁

) -V (M₂) 系で

r₁

=0.14, r₂=

1

.54,

Q₁

=0.79,

e₁

=

1

.63となった.

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魚市場およびと畜場のドブネズミにおけるStaphylococcus auresの保有率はそれぞれ74.% (44/59), 34.% (9/26) であった. 魚市場のネズミ由来S. aureus104株の生物型はC型株 (77.9%), 型16株 (15.4%), A型株 (.%), 型別不能株 (%) で, と畜場由来9株はG型株 (88.9%), 型株 (11.%) であった. 魚市場のネズミ由来株のコアグラーゼ型は, VIII型 (26.9%), 型 (.%), VII型 (13.%), IV型 (.7%), II型 (.%), III型 (2.9%), V型 (2.9%), VI型 (2.9%), 同定不能 (14.4%) で, と畜場由来株は, VIII型 (44.4%), V型 (.2%), VI [型 (.2%), 同定不能 (11.%) であった.魚市場のネズミ9匹由来の12株からはエンテロトキシンA (11株) および (株) が産生された.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol-

1

was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about

80

% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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The asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-panepophenanthrin (), an inhibitor of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (), has been accomplished using proline-catalyzed asymmetric a-aminoxylation and the biomimetic Diels-Alder reaction as key steps. Asymmetric α-aminoxylation of ,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal () in the presence of D-proline with nitrosobenzene gave (S)-α-aminoxylated cyclohexanone (). After several diastereoselective reactions, the key intermediate 4 was obtained. The monomer 2 was synthesized by Stille coupling reaction of 4 with vinyl stannane 14, followed by removal of the silyl protecting group. The biomimetic Diels-Alder reaction of the monomer 2 was found to proceed efficiently under neat condition or in water. The investigation of the biological properties of new derivatives of (+)-panepophenanthrin () enabled us to develop new cell-permeable inhibitors, RKTS- (21), - (), and -82 (23).

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-2α, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa--ergostan--one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-2α, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo-7-oxa--ergostan--one (9), were synthesized from brassicasterol (3a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-3α, -cyclo--ergost--en--one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (3), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (, 24R)--ergosta-2, -dien--one (), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy -ergostan--ones 7 and .

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ビニルトリアジン誘導体として2, 4-ジアミノ--ビニル-s-トリアジン (DAVT) の重合を行なった。アゾビスイソブチロニトリルを開始剤として60℃でジメチルスルホキシド溶液重合を行ない, 重合速度式としてR_p=.50×10^-3 [AIBN]

0.6

[DAVT]

1.3

を得た。また, 見かけの活性化エネルギーとして17.3kcal/molを得た。ポリ-DAVTは不融性で, ギ酸中で電解質的挙動を示した。スチレン (St), メタクリル酸メチル (MMA) および酢酸ビニル (VAc) との共重合を行ない, モノマー反応性比, およびQ,

e

値としてそれぞれSt (

M₁

)-DAVT (M₂),

r₁

=

1

.30, r₂=0.65, Q₂=0.55,

e₂

=-0.38; MMA (

M₁

)-DAVT (M2),

r₁

=

1

.03, r₂=0.

22

, Q₂=0.44,

e₂

=-0.

81

; VAc (

M₁

)-DAVT (M₂),

r₁

=0.05, r₂=13, Q₂=0.60,

e₂

=-0.87を得た。

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