One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as 2-(-hydroxy--oxotetrahydrofuran--yl)acetic acid (1), glutaric acid (2), succinic acid (), nicotinic acid (4), ()-4-hydroxyhex-2-enoic acid (), cholesterol (6), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (8), glycerol (), -(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxybenzene-1,-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)--ethylidene-4-methylpyrrolidine-2,-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (1—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas 1, , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .57—15.89 μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and , 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Stereoselective synthesis of , - and , Z-β-ionylideneacetaldehydes was accomplished from the β-ionone tricarbonyl iron complex, and the latter was converted to Z-retinoic acid.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (6R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-4, -dien--one--O-β-D-glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (a and ), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene-d₆ (12). The stereochemical features of a (trans), (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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(6,)-2,-エポキシ-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-6,-ジエン(2)をフムレン1((2,6,)-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-2,6,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,2の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,2の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,2を高牧率で1から合成することができたので報告する.1のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,1(273%)と8(25%)と少量のを含む2を主生成物(42.%)として与えた.1とは原料として再利用できる.2の精製は1と同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋な2は1から通算牧率32.0%で得られた.2の既知方法による合成は4段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しい2の合成法は2段階の反応で1回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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Eight new sterols, , 8α-epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien--ol (1), , , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-6-one (2), , , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one (), , , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (4), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 6α, -tetrol (), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one () and , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-, , 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Six new sterols, , 6α;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, -diol (1), , 6α;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, -diol (2), , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-, -diol (), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -diene-, , 6β-triol (4), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-, -diene-, , 6β, -tetrol () and (24S)-ergost--ene-, , 6β, -tetrol (6), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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The title compound, bearing a twenty-membered ring, was synthesized by macrolactonization of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. The structure was investigated by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/c. In the crystal, two remarkable kinds of interactions between two ester groups and between two arylacetylene moieties were detected.

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-2α, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa--ergostan-6-one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-2α, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa--ergostan-6-one (), were synthesized from brassicasterol (a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-, -cyclo--ergost--en-6-one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (, 24R)--ergosta-2, -dien-6-one (6), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy -ergostan-6-ones and 8.

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11-Amino-6, 6a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[, ]thiepines (6a-d) and -oxepines (a-d) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of 6, 6a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[, ]thiepines (1a, )and -oxepines (2a, ) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a-d and a-d, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(6a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) 6a and a, cis(6a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) 6 and , trans(6a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)6c and c, and trans(6a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) 6d and d, were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

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Chemical properties of ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), -tetraen--one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give 6α, -epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4, , -trien--one (2), which is transformed successively to 6α, ;8α, -diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4, -dien--one () and 14α-hydroperoxy--hydroxyergosta-4, , -triene-, 6-dione (4) under these reaction conditions.

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Eight novel sterols, 4, 4-dimethyl--poriferasta-, 25-dien--ol, (24)-24-ethyl-29-nor--lanosta-, 24(24¹)-dien--ol, (24)-24-ethyl-29-nor--lanosta-(11), 24(24¹)-dien--ol, (24)-24-ethyl-29-nor--lanosta-, (11), 24(24¹)-trien--ol, (, 24Z)--stigmasta-, , 24(24¹)-trien--ol, -stigmasta-, (11)-dien--ol, (24)--stigmasta-, (11), 24(24¹)-trien--ol, and (24)-14α-methyl--stigmasta-, 24(24¹)-dien--ol, were isolated (as acetates) from the saponified neutral fraction of Bryonia dioica root extract. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The compounds are new because the 4, 4-dimethy--cholestene-, 4α, 14α-dimethyl--cholestene (or 29-nor--lanostene)-, and 14α-methyl--cholestene-skeletons and the (, 24Z)-, 24(24¹)-stigmastadiene side chain have not been found before in nature. Abundances are given of fifty three identified triterpene alcohols and sterols.

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Melithasterols A-D (1-4), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl--dehydrocholestane-, -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common β, α -dihydroxy-α, 6α-epoxy-Δ^8 steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest-6-ene- β, α, 8α-triol -monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (,8,), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19,20,21,a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds to were identified as 24-methylenecholest--ene- β, 16β-diol--0-α-L fucoside () and its β-(8) and α-hydroxy () derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest--ene-β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by α, 6β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be β, 6α-isomer of 17, correlating to 17 by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19 was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be -dehydro-(20) and -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-β, α 25-triol-6-one 25-monoacetate (a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost--ene-β, α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo--homo-11-oxa-, 11-secoergostane-β, 6α, 12ξ-triol--one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).

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Failure problems of saturated soils are classified in the present study into the following four types : Type I : The failure of loose and/or normally consolidated soils under fully drained loading conditions. Type II : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. Type III : The failure of dense and/or overconsolidated soils under fully drained conditions. Type IV : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. The soil-water coupling limiting equilibrium analysis on the basis of the critical state concept is shown possible to draw a distinction between type I, II and IV problems, and the limitations of the analysis procedure happen in solving the type problem in the above. This is demonstrated experimentally, in which seepage failure experiments in laboratory with the use of a saturated silty sand are employed to make distinctions clearly between the four types of failure problems. The definite distinctions both in failure load and failure mode appeared in the four types of experiments are summarized as follows : (1) the smallest failure load in loose sand in the undrained condition, (2) the largest failure load with the largest failure region in dense sand under undrained loading, () the observation of no global deformation before failure within the soil under the fully drained condition that suggests the development of very localized shear deformation in the sand. Three out of four experiments are described well by the limit analysis computation mentioned above as far as the failure load and the shape and the size of the failure region after boiling failure are concerned, and thus the type III problem is identified to be the problem that should be solved by any other means in near future.

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