A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-4, -dien-3-one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

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Stereoselective synthesis of , - and , Z-β-ionylideneacetaldehydes was accomplished from the β-ionone tricarbonyl iron complex, and the latter was converted to Z-retinoic acid.

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Eight new sterols, , 8α-epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien--one (2), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en--one (3), 3β, , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien--one (4), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien--one (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en--one () and , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, , 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3- applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3- is straightforward.

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The advantages and disadvantages of using a back analysis of slope failures to evaluate soil shear strength are discussed. A methodology is presented herein that allows the implied level of reliability associated with soil shear strength parameters back calculated from slope failures to be estimated. A reliability approach is also used to estimate the probability of failure for a given limit equilibrium slope stability method, design factor of safety, and combination of back calculated Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters, c' and φ'. The methodology is illustrated using 39 landslides in the Orinda Formation in the San Francisco Bay area. The impact of additional case histories in the same geologic setting, i.., a larger data set, on the required design factor of safety for a given probability of failure is also investigated.

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The present paper aims at developing a simplified model for a stress-strain relationship at small strains up to an initial yielding of homogeneous saturated frozen sand. The modelling of elastic moduli for an ice-sand mixture as a composite geomaterial is first introduced based on previous studies, where a saturated frozen sand is treated as the icesand mixture. The applicability of modelling the elastic moduli under constant temperature is then discussed from the theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition, the hyperbolic stress-strain modelling of saturated frozen sand at small strain is presented. The effect of the volume fraction of sand, stiffness of sand inclusion and temperature changes on the elastic moduli and the stress-strain behaviour up to about 1-2% axial strain, which is defined as an upper yield stress, are investigated through the model, whose applicability is verified in comparison with the experimental data.

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The title compound, bearing a twenty-membered ring, was synthesized by macrolactonization of a hydroxy carboxylic acid. The structure was investigated by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/c. In the crystal, two remarkable kinds of interactions between two ester groups and between two arylacetylene moieties were detected.

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Six new sterols, , ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (1), , ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (2), , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, -diol (3), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -diene-3β, , -triol (4), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol () and (24S)-ergost--ene-3β, , , -tetrol (), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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(,)-2,3-エポキシ-3,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン(2)をフムレン1((2,,)-3,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-2,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,2の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,2の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,2を高牧率で1から合成することができたので報告する.1のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,1(273%)と8(25%)と少量の3を含む2を主生成物(42.%)として与えた.1と3は原料として再利用できる.2の精製は1と同様硝酸銀(AgNO₃)錯体の結晶で行い,純粋な2は1から通算牧率32.0%で得られた.2の既知方法による合成は4段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%AgNO₃含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しい2の合成法は2段階の反応で1回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

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The use of Paracoccus carotinifaciens-derived natural astaxanthin as an alternative to synthetic astaxanthin has attracted considerable attention from the aquaculture industry. Furthermore, to enhance the bioavailability of astaxanthin, its “Z-isomerization” has been actively studied in recent years. This study investigated the effects of feeding a diet containing astaxanthin rich in the all-

- or Z-isomers derived from P. carotinifaciens on the pigmentation and astaxanthin concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh. Z-Isomer-rich astaxanthin was prepared from the P. carotinifaciens-derived all--isomer by thermal treatment in fish oil, and the prepared all--isomer-rich astaxanthin diet (-AST-; total Z-isomerratio = .1%) and Z-isomer-rich astaxanthin diet (Z-AST-; total Z-isomer ratio of astaxanthin = 56.%) were fed to rainbow trout for 8 weeks. The feeding of Z-AST- resulted in greater pigmentation and astaxanthin accumulation efficiency in the flesh than those fed -AST-. Specifically, when -AST- was fed to rainbow trout, the SalmoFan score and astaxanthin concentration of the flesh were .1±1.4 and 1.36±0.71 μg/g wet weight, respectively, whereas when Z-AST- was fed, their values were 26.0±2. and .33±1. μg/g wet weight, respectively. These results suggest that P. carotinifaciens-derived astaxanthin Z- isomers prepared by thermal isomerization are more bioavailable to rainbow trout than the all--isomer.

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