Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -3dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, 3rd-order distortion, and 3rd-order input intercept point (IIP3) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.3dBm, respectively, all with a ±.1Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a 1.2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of the cyanogenic glycosides, i. ., amygdalin (AM) and prunasin (PR), and their degradation products, i. ., benzaldehyde (BAL) and benzoic acid (), in processed foods containing ume (Japanese apricot Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc.) was developed.
The sample was extracted with citric acid solution and cleaned up by use of a Seppak cartridge. The extract was chromatographed on a Capcell Pak SG120 column with acetonitrile-water- phosphate buffer, pH . (16: 79: 5). Detection was achieved with a UV monitor set at 210nm. The peaks corresponding to AM and PR were confirmed by examination of the effect of emulsin treatment.
The recoveries from ume extract, umeboshi (dried and salted ume), umeshu (Japanese apricot wine) and ume jam fortified with AM, PR, BAL and at levels of 40-100μg/g each were 86.-100.% (. V. 3.7-7.7%) for AM, 69.-105.3% (.-.2%) for PR, 71.-85.% (1.-2.%) for BAL and 82.7-99.1% (.-.%) for , except for AM in the ume extract and the umeboshi. AM in ume extract and umeboshi could not be determined owing to interference by contaminants.
The determination limits were 10μg/g for AM, 2μg/g for PR, and 1μg/g for BAL and , respectively.

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Based on the recommendations of Berezantzev et al., a new semi-empirical equation for settlement ratio of pile foundations in sand has been derived. The settlement ratios obtained using this equation have been compared with the actual measured values. The comparison indicates that the new equation predicts higher than actual settlement values and is therefore conservative. The new equation is therefore modified in the light of empirical evidence and presented in a generalised form which can be used for square, rectangular, and irregular pile groups. The procedures recommended for the use of the equation in preliminary designs are explained.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : (1) Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and D2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), (3) Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity 7 JMA), () Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), (5) Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), (7) Plan View of Dam Axis (3 or axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), () Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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A sample of [³H] tobrarnycin (5, 000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with
the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has
two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of
protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading
tiirough of the messenger RNA.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol () have been isolated along with (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Nine isoquinoline alkaloids belonging to the protoberberine, proaporphine and bisbenzyl-isoquinoline series were isolated from Caryomene olivascens (Menispermaceae). Four compounds are new : (-)-2-norlimacine (), (-)-caryolivine (), (+)-1, 2-dehydro-2-norlimacusine () and N-formylstepharine (3). The last one is the first N-formyl derivative to be reported in the proaporphine group. Its biogenetic origin is discussed. Structures were established on the basis of 360 MHz (FT) nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and also by chemical correlation in the case of 3.

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The activities of tobramycin derivatives acetylated and ethylated on the '-N, 2'-N and 3-N positions were examined. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin sensitive strains indicated that 2'-N-ethylated and '-N-ethylated derivatives have a fairly good activity, and confirmed that the 3-N position is the most important one for antibiotic activity since 3-N derivatives were less active. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin resistant strains, and their inactivation by tobramycin modifying enzymes were examined. These results showed that 2'-N or '-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(2') or AAC('), respectively, and 2'-N-ethyltobramycin and '-N-ethyltobramycin were active against strains containing these modifying enzymes. On the other hand, 3-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(3) but 3-N-ethyl tobramycin does not inhibit strains containing this enzyme.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.5%),

A₀

(7.

4

%),

B2₂

(5.3%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.5 and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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(³H) Tobramycin was used as a probe to determine the relationship between the structure of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their ability to remove this drug from its higher affinity binding site on the ribosome. The dissacharide moieties (neamine, tobramine, gentamine) appeared to have a common binding site, whereas the kanosamine, garosamine and ribose moieties determined the specificity of this binding. Amikacin and butikacin behaved in an anomalous manner in spite of their close structural relationship to tobramycin.

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Enterococcus faecium and

. faecalis are important human pathogens and also served as sentinel organisms for monitoring systems of antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans. In this study, 106

E

. faecium and 56

E

. faecalis isolates were collected from 61 pig farms in 18 proveinces of China. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for clinically important antibiotics and 3 antimicrobial growth promoters. The Enterococcus isolates showed high prevalence of resistance to medically important antibiotics, such as ampicillin (50.% for

E

. faecium and 19.% for

E

. faecalis), chloramphenicol (24.5% for

E

. faecium and 41.1% for

E

. faecalis), erythromycin (83.% for

E

. faecium and .1% for

E

. faecalis), tetracycline (79.2% for

E

. faecium and 100% for

E

. faecalis), quinupristin/dalfopristin (26.% for

E

. faecium) and ciprofloxacin (73.% for

E

. faecium and 66.1% for

E

. faecalis). Resistance to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin was very rare. The resistance status of three representative in-feed antibiotics bacitracin, nosiheptide and enramycin was firstly investigated with Enterococcus as indicator bacteria. The Enterococcus isolates showed extremely high frequency of bacitracin resistance (.7% for

E

. faecium and .% for

E

. faecalis), while no nosiheptide and enramycin resistance was observed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that a majority of

E

. faecium and

E

. faecalis strains showed unrelated profiles, indicating high heterogeneity among the Enterococcus isolates. Our study provided basic data on the antimicrobial resistance of

E

. faecium and

E

. faecalis isolates.

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