Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was 5×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1.5 μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude ., simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was 0.47 g on the ground surface and 0.21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about 1.5 seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using ¹³C- and ²H-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when L-[1,2,,4,5,6,,,-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[1,2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the ²H incorporation selectivities were

82

.1% and

81

.4% when L-[2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

7

,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

8

-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;

;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±0.05) to pH .0 (.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH

solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,±0,%; 41,4±,0%; 62,±4,0%; 79,5±2,%; 83,5±2,%; ,6±2,%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic1 - 0; 49,±,%; 88, ±2,%; 90,4±,%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,±2,0%; 85,±1,1%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,6±6,%; 66,±,2%; 76,4±,4%; ,±5,%; ,0±,%; ,6±,%: for Generic - 80,±,6%; 83,5±1,%; 83, ±,2%; 83,±2,%; ,±2,1%; ,1±2,0%; ,0±2,4%; for Generic4 - ,5±1,%; ,4±0,%; ,2±1,2%; , ±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±0,6%; 40, 5±,0%; 62,±2,0%; 80,0±,1%; 85,4±2,%; ,±,4%; 80,±,5%; for Generic1 - 0; 67,0±,%; 89,±2,%; 91, ±4,%; 89,1±1,6%; 88,±1,4%; 87,±1,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±5,6%; 75,1±,%; ,0±6,0%; 88,4±,2%; 88, 6±1,%; 87,±1,0%; for Generic4 - 85,5±0,5%; 85,6±0,5%; ,±0,%; ,±,0%; ,4±0,%; ,4±0,%; ,±0,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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The correction factor (η_ie) for the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing placed adjacent to a slope, taking into account the combined effect of horizontal and vertical seismic loads, represented by horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, k_h and k_v, respectively, was derived using a modified Janbu's slice method. The influence of slope angles ‘α’ on the values of ‘η_ie’ are studied here. It was found that the values of η_ie can be expressed as an exponential function of ‘k_h/(1-k_v)’ and ‘α’, with a measurable interdependency between ‘α’ and ‘η_ie’. The influence of ‘α’ on the value of ‘η_ie’ increases as the input value of ‘k_h/(1-k_v)’ increases. Equations derived based on the analytical results are proposed to account for this effect. Based on the analyses of 11 near-fault seismographers obtained in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, a ratio between the vertical and the horizontal seismic coefficients, λ, of between ±0.25 is suggested for including the combined effect of vertical and horizontal seismic forces in evaluating the seismic bearing capacity of footings located in near-fault areas.

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At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.

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In this paper, centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted in order to understand the performance of seawalls during a seismic event. The model tests showed that the displacement of the caisson was much affected by the seaward shear deformation of the sand seabed beneath it during shaking. It was also confirmed that an armored embankment played an important role in the displacement of the caisson during shaking. Based on these test results, a two-dimensional DEM-FEM coupled analysis method was newly developed to numerically predict the deformation of seawalls covered with armored embankments during earthquakes. The movements of the armor units were calculated by DE analysis and deformations of the caisson, rubble mound, sand seabed and backfill were calculated by FE analysis considering the non-linearity of the soil materials based on the effective stress. Dynamic interaction was taken into account by delivering the nodal displacements of the finite elements or the nodal forces converted from the contact forces through the imaginary distinct elements defined at the boundaries between the DE and FE domain. The applicability of this method to the prediction of the deformation of seawalls was verified through numerical simulations of the centrifuge model test.

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Seismic records obtained from a seismometer array located in downtown Tokyo Japan for about ten years were inversely analyzed to estimate the dynamic soil parameters. Due to the illposed nature of the problem, the simple and often used "least square method" does not properly estimate the parameters. The Extended Bayesian Method combined with the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion was introduced to overcome this difficulty. The results obtained were compared with dynamic triaxial test results obtained at the time of the seismometer installation. The shear moduli agree quite well with the estimated results, however the damping ratios estimated are slightly higher than the ones obtained in the laboratory.

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放牧牛において,prostaglandin F_2α(PGF_2α)とestradiol benzoate()の同時筋肉注射による発情同期化効果及び同期化された発情期における受胎性にっいて検討し,次の成績を得た。
1.放牧牛31頭(ホルスタイン種未経産牛)において,黄体期にPGF_2α15mgを筋肉注射(A群15頭)あるいはこれと同時に.5mgを筋肉注射(群16頭)した結果,処置後31~96時間に発情が発現したものはA群では13頭(.%),群では15頭(.%)であり,両群の間には大差がなかった。しかし,発情はA群では処置後37~時間に13頭 (.%),群では31~60時間に14頭(87.5%)に集中して発現し,の併用によって発情発現までの時間は短縮した。
2.排卵は,A群では処置後73~120時間に13頭(.%),群では61~96時間に14頭(87.5%)に起こり,の併用によって排卵の時期は処置後早期に,かつ短い時間帯に集中した。
.同期化された発情期に授精したA群の13頭中頭(53.%),群の16頭中頭(56.%)がそれぞれ受胎し,受胎率において両群の間に差異はなかった。
4.以上の成績から,PGF_2αとを同時に併用筋肉注射することは,発情及び排卵の同期化に効果的であることを認めたが,この処置によって同期化された発情期の受胎性については,さらに多数例について検討する必要がある。

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Thirty-six patients (19 males, 17 females: atypical schizophrenia; , typical schizophrenia; , depression; 11, neurosis and other psychiatric disorders; ) were operated on according to orbitoventromedial undercutting by Hirose. In all cases, the Rorschach test was carried out and daily behaviors were studied. Thirty-one scales of the test were subjected to multivariate analysis whereas the behaviors were evaluated according to the following criteria, i.., A: recovered or symptom free, : markedly improved, C: moderately improved, : slightly improved and : not improved. The following results were obtained.
1) The evaluation of behaviors is as follows. A: 12 cases, : , C: , : 6, : none.
2) It was found that scores of F+106% and R+106% scales were significantly higher after the operation than before; that correlation coefficients between the scores before and after the operation were considerably high.
) Factor analysis followed by varimax rotation was carried out. Six factors were extracted, i.., (F1) sensitivity to emotional stimuli, (F2) ego-strength, (F) obsessional rigidity, (F4) reaction time, (F5) anxiety and tension and (F6) empathy. It was revealed that F2 was high in atypical schizophrenia, depression and neurosis, and that F2 and F6 were significantly different in terms of the factor scores among the four groups A, , C and ; F2 was highest in A, and lowest in regardless of whether it was before or after the operation. F6 showed high scores in both A and C, and low in .
4) Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the data of the Rorschach test before the operation, by classifying 36 subjects into the four groups A, , C and . As a result, high rates of correct diagnosis were obtained, i.., 100% for A, 78% for , 56% for C and 100% for . When the groups C and were combined into one group (C+) the highest percentage (100%) was seen in A, followed by (89%) and C+ group (87%). When the groups A and were combined into one group (A+), the percentages of correct diagnosis were % for A+, and % for C+.
In conclusion, it can be said that scales of the Rorschach test have been proved to be valid for predicting mental and physical states after the orbito-ventromedial undercutting.

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Based on the methods previously presented by the authors (Yasuhara et al., 1992, 1994, 1996) for predicting the degradation in strength and stiffness of soft clays in the course of cyclic loading, a methodology has been developed to estimate the cyclic loading-induced settlements. The method also includes not only immediate settlements but also post-cyclic long-term settlements due to dissipation of cyclically induced excess pore pressures in soft soils. The simplified formulae included in the proposed methodology are given as functions of the amplitude of cyclic-induced excess pore pressure normalized by the confining pressure, u/p'_c, plasticity index I_p and factor of safety against bearing capacity failure, F_s. The calculations of cyclic-induced settlements were conducted for soft soil deposits with different index and geotechnical properties. The results calculated using the proposed methodology are presented in the form of a design chart to give the settlement versus normalized excess pore pressure ratio relations including the effects of the plasticity index and safety factor for bearing capacity. An example of the calculated results using the proposed procedure for the earthquake-induced settlements of embankments founded on soft clay, is presented to demonstrate the practicality of the method for design at fields.

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Shaking table tests were performed to clarify the settlement in liquefied loose sand of a new foundation incorporating top-shaped concrete blocks. In the tests, blocks of half scale were installed as they are in practice, by using a crusher-run, a lattice of iron rods and iron bars. Shaking table tests were also conducted on foundations with two differently shaped concrete blocks to investigate the effectiveness of the three foundations in reducing settlement. One was a T-shaped concrete block, or a disk-shaped concrete plate with a leg. The other was a conical concrete block without a leg. The results of shaking table tests showed that the foundation with the top-shaped concrete blocks was most effective in reducing the settlement among the three types of foundation. FEM elastic analyses were performed to compute the stress distributions in the models and in-situ ground when the top-shaped concrete blocks were applied and to confirm whether liquefaction resistance of the sand layer below the foundation is large. Moreover, the factor of safety against liquefaction, F_L was evaluated in in-situ model ground, in order to compare with sensitivities against liquefaction in the ground without countermeasures and with top-shaped concrete blocks. For the liquefaction analyses, shear stress in the ground during an earthquake was estimated by dynamic analyses using the SHAKE computer program.

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The original Drnevich Resonant Column apparatus has been designed for testing cylindrical soil specimen with maximum longitudinal and torsional stiffnesses corresponding to approximate resonant frequencies 285 Hz and 318 Hz respectively. This apparatus has been modified successfully and its stiffness has been increased to over threefold in the longitudinal vibratory mode and at least twofold in the torsional vibratory mode. Monterey No. O sand samples prepared at approximate relative densities 43% and 60% were tested with the original and the modified apparatus in the range of effective confining pressures from 49 kPa to 588 kPa. Measurement of dynamic moduli values measured with the original apparatus were up to 23% higher, and damping values up to five times higher than those measured by the modified apparatus.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (4, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (4, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (4, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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The new pyrano-pyrone, (+)--epi--deoxygoniopypyrone (1) and (+)--deoxygoniopypyrone (2) were isolated from a chloroform extract of Goniothalamus tamirensis leaves. Their absolute stereostructures were discussed and confirmed by using infrared (IR), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), one (1) and two-dimensional (2) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, Mosher's method, and comparison with the known compounds leiocapin A (), deoxygoniopypyrone A (4), and (−)--epi--deoxygoniopypyrone (5). At concentrations of 2.67 μM, compounds 1 and 2 significantly increased the growth of osteoblastic MCT-1 cells and caused a significant elevation of collagen content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and nodule mineralization in the cells (p<0.05). Our data suggest that the enhancement of osteoblast function by 1 and 2 may result in the prevention of osteoporosis.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4, 6-trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, -dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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 The stability of

‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) and ‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) in -liquid during storage was investigated. ‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at 80℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. ‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature. ‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased. ‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at 80℃ for 57 days. The concentration of ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

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