両性イオン型高分子をレーヨンに混合紡糸した臭気物質のための新規な繊維状吸着材を試作し，水溶性臭気物質に対する吸着・除去特性を調べた．アンモニアに対する吸着特性を調べたところ，本繊維状吸着材は，繊維母材であるレーヨンと比較して明らかに大きい吸着量と吸着速度を示した．また，消臭加工繊維製品認証試験に従った減少率評価試験を行ったところ，本繊維状吸着材は酸やアミンに対して高い減少率を示したが，アルデヒドや硫化水素に対しては低い値であった．これらの結果から，本繊維状吸着材の吸着機構は，吸着材表面に形成される水和層への分配と両性イオン型官能基への静電的相互作用であることが示唆された．さらに，本繊維状吸着材の再利用の可能性について調べたところ，酢酸に対しては水洗浄により再生可能であることが判った．本検討の結果，本繊維状吸着材は水溶性でかつイオン性を有する臭気物質の吸着・除去に適用可能であると考えられた．

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化粧に関する心理学的研究は，1980年代から盛んになってきた．化粧は慈しむ化粧（スキンケア）と飾る化粧（メーキャップ・フレグランス)に大別されるが，感情に及ぼす影響に関する研究は，そのいずれもが高揚と鎮静をめぐるものであった. 喩えるなら，メーキャップによって心を固く結んで「公」の顔をつくって社会に飛び出し，帰宅後にはメーキャップを落とし，スキンケアをすることで心の結び目を解いて「私」の顔に戻るのである．すなわち，化粧は日常生活に組み込まれた感情調節装置である．

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においに対するヒトの感覚強度は，加齢とともに変化することが確認されており，高齢者では徐々に感度が低下する．一方，においの質の違いを嗅ぎ分けるような識別力は，においの種類によって結果に違いが生じる．例えば，食品は身近で日常的に慣れ親しんでいるものであり，そのにおいとそうでないにおいとでは，馴染みのあるにおいのほうが識別率は高い．また，においに対する嗜好には，生活環境や習慣が関与する．ここでは，においに対する識別や嗜好の様子から，においがヒトの認知機能にどのような関わり方をしているのか考えてみたい．

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人は自らの情動を表出したいという願望を持っているが、その実施は困難であったり、社会的な問題を引き起こすことも多い。表出筆記とは、自らの感情を包み隠さず自由に書き表すことを指し、これは、制約下がある多くの状況においても行なうことができる。本論文は、筆記開示とその心身の健康に及ぼす効用についてこれまでの研究を概観していく。自らの感情を筆記することは、健常群でも臨床群でも心身の健康に効果をもたらすことが示されている。この効果は、文化を超えて、また幅広い参加者において繰り返し報告されている。本論文後半では、効果が生じるメカニズムと開示の弊害、そして新たな試みについて論じる。開示を行なうと、一般に短期的なストレス反応が生じた後、長期的な改善効果が見られる。このような開示の効果のメカニズムについては、現在までに、複数の見解が提案され研究が進められている。近年では、筆記開示は新たなテクノロジーと組み合わされて、様々な場面に適用され始めている。

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本研究では，都市ガスの臭質カテゴリーを用い，現行の付臭剤および付臭剤候補の臭気の反復提示が臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に用いられるテンプレートの様相に及ぼす影響について検討した．実験協力者は，異なる提示スケジュールで臭気の反復提示を経験した後に各臭気における「都市ガスのニオイ」という臭質カテゴリー名に対する違和感評定課題を実施するつの反復提示あり群，もしくは違和感評定課題のみに参加する反復提示なし群のいずれかに振り分けられた．違和感評定値に基づいて，群ごとに実験協力者を更に新規付臭剤敬遠群（以後，敬遠群）と新規付臭剤受容群（以後，受容群）に分割し， 3群間で敬遠群と受容群の人数分布を比較したところ，臭気の反復提示により両群の人数分布は変化し，敬遠群が受容群に変容する可能性が示唆された．従って，臭気の反復提示後には臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に新たなテンプレートが用いられる可能性が示された．

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日本人は昔から毎日の入浴習慣があり， 体臭も比較的少なく，香りは控えめのものを好む傾向があった．しかし近年，香水や様々な海外製品に触れる機会が多くなったことや食べ物も欧米化したことなどから，香りの嗜好が多様化していることがうかがえる．香りを嗅いでリラックスやリフレッシュをしたい，香りで楽しく幸せな気分で家事をしたいなどのニーズがあらわれてきている．本稿では，重要な役割を占めるようになってきたトイレタリー製品の香り開発事例について報告する．

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本研究では，色と香りの印象的次元における調和性を検討した．まず，色や香りの印象的次元の抽出と調和関係を検討した．その結果，印象的次元としてMILD，CLEARの次元が得られ，これらを変数として調和予測式を構成した．次に，色と香りの調和，不調和ぺアを用いて組み合わせによる効果を検討した．そこから，調和ぺアでは，色，香りの本来の印象が強調されること，調和ぺアの方がストレス緩和効果が高いことが分かった．以上を踏まえ，調和予測式を可逆的に確かめた上で，色と香りの調和モデルを提案した．

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Due to author’s request, words in this article are corrected

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To examine morphological differences in Morton’s interdigital neuroma between two elderly human populations, we conducted comparative study using 40 Japanese (27 males, 13 females; mean age, . years) and 21 Finnish (6 males, 15 females; mean age, .5 years) cadavers. We defined the neuroma as a thickening of the nerve of at least two-fold relative to the non-pathological proximal part. The incidence of this neuroma was 25% (10/40) in the Japanese and 33.3% (7/21) in the Finnish cadavers. Moderate or severe hallux valgus (with an angle of more than 20 degrees) was seen in half of the 40 Japanese cadavers (7 males, 13 females), but was absent in the Finnish cadavers. Such hallux valgus was present in 7 (5 males, females) of the 10 Japanese cadavers with neuroma. Moreover, in Japanese cadavers, a paper-like, specialized type of neuroma was associated with the deformity. Pathogenesis of Morton’s neuroma might be different between human populations with or without hallux valgus.

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The Japanese macaque is an endemic species consisting of two subspecies: Macaca fuscata fuscata (MFF) and Macaca fuscata yakui (MFY). The MFY is indigenous to Yakushima Island and represents a subspecies of MFF that lives from Honshu to Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan. However, the differences in the skulls of the MFY and MFF are unknown, despite these subspecies having different skull sizes. The maxillary sinus (MS) indicates that the features of the frontal view reflect the transversal growth of the maxilla of the skull. In this study, we show the MS structures of the MFF (n = , 18 sides) and MFY (n = 10, 20 sides) using a cone-beam computed tomography instrument. Base on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images the MS and nasal cavity were found to present almost to no significant differences between MFF and MFY. However, we designated three classifications of the sinus floor based on the 3D MS images of these Japanese macaques: a round-like shape (type a, MFF = 66.7% (12/18), MFY = 45% (/20)), a flat-like shape (type , MFF = .% (/18), MFY = 35% (7/20)), and an irregular shape (type c, MFF = 11.% (/18), MFY = 20.0% (/20)). The sinus floor shapes of the MFF were mostly type a, while those of the MFY were mostly type . The prevalence of a root contacting the cortical bone is higher in the canine (26.7%, (/30)) and second premolar (20%, (6/30) of the MFY at the nasal cavity, moreover, this value is higher in the third molar (42.%, (/21)) of the MS in the MFY. These results suggest that the features of the floor of the MS are related to the differences in maxillary root apices teeth between MMF and MMF.

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A variation artery was observed in a Japanese cadaver. The celiac and superior mesenteric arteries arose from a common trunk (also referred to as the celiacomesenteric trunk), but not from the abdominal aorta, respectively. From the common trunk, the common hepatic artery was distributed in the right part of the liver, and the left hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery, which also arose from the common trunk. The left inferior phrenic artery arose from the common trunk, but the right inferior phrenic artery arose from the right middle suprarenal artery. This information regarding the branch pattern in this variation artery is useful for clinical examination and treatment.

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Introduction: The human azygos vein (AV) generally runs on the right side of the vertebral column. However, a shift in its course to the middle/left side of the vertebral column, potentially as a result of aging, has been reported. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between AV displacement and aging. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven adult cadavers were dissected. When an AV left shift was observed, long axis AV length was measured by calculating the number of vertebral bodies under the vein. We also investigated whether a crossover vein existed between AV and hemiazygos vein at the extreme left shifting point, and whether osteophytes existed along the vertebral column. Results: Forty-four cadavers (94%) had left-shifted AVs. A weak positive correlation between age and the length of the left shift was observed (r = 0.3061, P = 0.0364). Thirty cadavers (64%) had crossover veins at the extreme left shifting point, and 24 cadavers (51%) had osteophytes along the vertebral column. There was no significant relationship between the length of left-shifted AVs and the existence of crossover veins or osteophytes. Conclusion: The possibility of AV displacement to the left as part of the aging process is suggested.

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A study was conducted on olive oils extracted from olives collected in South West Calabria (Southern Italy) over three harvest years 2010-2011-2012. Three autochthonous cultivars were considered: Cassanese, Ottobratica and Sinopolese and seven allochtonous cultivars: Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nocellara Messinese, Nociara, Pendolino and Picholine. Thin Layer Chromatography – Gas Chromatograph (TLC-GC) technique permitted the separation and analysis of the fatty alcohol compounds. A general decline in fatty alcohol content was found during the three months of sampling, most evident in hexacosanol. Pendolino showed the greatest decline. A less evident decrease was measured in the odd chained fatty alcohols, mainly in heptacosanol. Both harvest date and cultivar significantly influenced the fatty alcohol content. This is the first report about the fatty alcohol variation during ripening in olive oil produced in South West Calabria (Southern Italy).

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Arylsulfatase A (ArsA) has been regarded as a lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of sulfolipids. We previously reported the colocalization of non-enzymatic ArsA with heparan sulfate proteoglycan on cell surfaces in the mouse liver using tissues processed with phosphate-buffered saline containing Ca+ and Mg+. In vitro analysis also revealed the tight binding of ArsA to heparin. These results suggest that ArsA functions as a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To characterize ArsA as a component of ECMs, we extended our comparison to the distribution patterns of ArsA and the major hepatic ECM components (types I, III, IV and V collagen, fibronectin, and laminin) in the mouse liver at the ultrastructural level under the same conditions that allow the detection of ArsA. Here, we show that ArsA is distributed not only on the cell surfaces of endothelial cells and hepatocytes, but also on the collagen fibrils in the space of Disse. ArsA is additionally colocalized with these major hepatic ECM components on both the luminal and abluminal sides of sinusoidal endothelial cells as well as in the space of Disse. These findings reveal a novel structure of hepatic ECMs containing ArsA.

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It is important to assess the general bone condition in dental implant treatment. The relationships between the bone mineral densities (BMDs) of lumbar vertebrae and mandibular cortical bone condition in the inferior border using multi-slice computed tomography (CT) were assessed in postmenopausal women. If a strong correlation between them is obtained, the mandibular cortical bone condition may be useful to evaluate the general bone condition. Twenty-two postmenopausal women were enrolled in this investigation. The maximum CT value and width of the mandibular cortical bone (MCW-MSCT) were measured, and the mandibular cortical bone index (MCI-MSCT) was classified using multi-slice CT. BMDs of lumbar vertebrae were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and then the percentage of the young adult mean (YAM) was analyzed. The correlations were investigated between the mandibular cortical bone condition and values of lumbar vertebrae. Weak correlations were observed between MCW-MSCT and the percentage of YAM. Also, significant differences in the percentage of YAM were noted between types of MCI-MSCT. The mandibular cortical bone index (MCI-MSCT) in the inferior border using multi-slice CT may be applicable to evaluate the influence of the general bone condition.

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We examined the dorsal lingual surface of an adult brush-tailed rat kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata) by scanning electron microscopy. The filiform and fungiform papillae on the lingual apex and body consisted of a main papilla and secondary papillae. The connective tissue core of the filiform papillae on the lingual apex was cylindrical in shape with a crushed top. The connective tissue core of the filiform papillae on the lingual body had one large and several small processes. The fungiform papillae were round in shape. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papillae had several depressions on its top. The surface of the vallate papillae was rough and the papillae were surrounded by a groove and a pad. Several long conical papillae derived from the posterolateral margin of the tongue where foliate papillae have been shown to be distributed in many other animal species. The long conical papillae were very similar to those of the koala and opossum.

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The elucidation of the pathogenesis of human diseases requires increasingly relevant and rigorous animal models. Therefore, investigators must select an appropriate mammalian model. Mice and rats are indispensable in the understanding of the mechanisms of human diseases, but other non-rodent mammals are required in certain situations. The rabbit is one such species. The rabbit exhibits greater biological similarities to humans than the mouse or rat, and the rabbit VX allograft cancer model has been used in a broad range of oncological studies, such as stromal responses, metastatic behaviors and therapeutic effects. Cancer cells in this model proliferate in a host rabbit that maintains a natural immunity, which makes this model attractive and unique. However, these examples constitute only a small number of advantages of a rabbit model. Numerous reports suggest that the rabbit is an attractive cancer-bearing animal model for the study of cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system. I briefly review the relevant medical literature and compare the rabbit lymphatic system with mice, rats and humans.

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The mammalian tongue has different functions for feeding. We investigated the morphological characteristics of the surface of the tongue of Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using scanning electron microscopy. The lingual surface exhibited different degrees of specialization. The tongue can be divided into the apex, body, and root. The lingual prominence was observed on the posterior area of the lingual body. The lenticular, conical, and vallate papillae were observed on the caudal part of the tongue. The filiform papillae were lingual papillae covering the entire dorsal and ventral surface of the tongue at the lingual apex; they consisted of a main process that functions to transport food materials towards the pharynx. The fungiform papillae were dispersed between the filiform papillae. Large lenticular papillae were found at the lingual prominence. The highly keratinized lenticular papillae aid the physical mastication of plant materials. Twelve vallate papillae were arranged in V shape on the lingual root. These anatomical characteristics of the lingual surface of Egyptian buffalo may enhance understanding of its feeding behavior adaptations.

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 SKYNET is an international research network of ground-based Prede sky radiometers for the observation and monitoring of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in the atmosphere. The algorithm developed by SKYNET is SKYRAD.pack, which can be used to process the measurement data of Prede instruments. In this study, the latest SKYRAD.pack software (Version 5.0) has been used to retrieve the aerosol optical properties measured by a SKYNET Prede sky radiometer over an urban site of Beijing, China. Continuous data have been processed over a two-year period, and inversion products, including aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström exponent (α), volumes of different aerosol particle size distributions, and single-scattering albedos (SSA), have been analyzed.
 AOD values were found to vary from 0.11 (5th percentile) to .14 (th percentile) with a median of 0.34 at 500 nm, and the maximum and minimum seasonal α values in Beijing were .05 ± 0.36 in summer and 0. ± 0.39 in spring. SSA values are higher in summer and spring with a similar value of 0. ± 0.03, but lower in winter with a value of 0.93 ± 0.04 at 500 nm. Aerosol particles in Beijing clearly demonstrated bimodal size distributions throughout the year: there were coarser particles in spring and finer particles in summer. The α values increased with AOD, indicating that fine particles play an important role in the optical properties of aerosols in Beijing. Dust type aerosol occurrence accounted for . %, 5. %, 0.5 %, and . % of all measurements data in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, according to the dust criteria threshold (α < 0.47 and SSA_{400 nm} - SSA_{1020 nm} < 0.018).

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The prostate is an exocrine gland in the male reproductive tract that secretes seminal fluids. To gain insight into the cytochemical properties of prostatic epithelial cells, the characteristics of glycoconjugates in mouse prostate sections were examined by lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Characteristic staining patterns were observed, depending on the type of lectins present in the epithelia. Luminal cells reacted specifically with mannose-binding lectins (Galanthus nivalis lectin, Hippeastrum hybrid lectin, Narcissus pseudonarcissus lectin) and Maclura pomifera lectin in all lobes of the prostate. Luminal cells also expressed galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and fucose residues in the lateral and ventral lobes. Basal cells expressed GlcNAc and fucose, and reacted with Datura stramonium lectin and Aleuria aurantia lectin in all lobes. These results indicate that in the mouse prostate, the selectivity of lectin-binding sites for distinct cell types and lobe-dependent staining may relate to cellular and regional differences in function. Furthermore, some lectins selectively bound to prostatic epithelial cells, indicating their potential use as markers for the histopathological evaluation of prostatic diseases, cancer diagnosis, or male infertility.

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