Chemical properties of ergosta-, , (14), -tetraen-3-one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give , -epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, , -trien-3-one (), which is transformed successively to , ;, -diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, -dien-3-one (3) and 14α-hydroperoxy--hydroxyergosta-, , -triene-3, -dione () under these reaction conditions.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1- mixing ratio δ, and the 0- mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818. keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=1.52−

0.22

+0.26, and μ_k≤

6

.1×10−

4

respectively. The

E

2

branching ratio

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→0_g⁺):

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→2₁⁺):

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:1.0:5.86.

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In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of + on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following + addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about % of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of +. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa-5α-ergostan--one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-, 3α, , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa-5α-ergostan--one (), were synthesized from brassicasterol (3a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-3α, 5-cyclo-5α-ergost--en--one () from brassicasterol mesylate (3), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of to (, 24R)-5α-ergosta-, -dien--one (), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy 5α-ergostan--ones and .

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.5mol%Ni-.0mol%Mo-.5mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.5mol%Ni-.5mol%Mo-30.5mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.5mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), blaCMY-

2

(

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.5%), A₀ (

7

.

4

%),

B2₂

(5.3%) and

B2₃

(

4

.

2

%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.5 and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.

2

%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,5α,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,5α,-triol (), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and .-fold by 10 μM . However, , 3, 5 and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586. keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M1- mixing ratio, , and the dimensionless ratio X of 0- mixing of the 586. keV transition are obtained to be ≤0.16 and 0.034≤X≤0.038, respectively. The branching ratio (; +→0_g⁺): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.023 : 1.0 : 5..

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A full account is given of the chemical behavior observed for , -dialkyladeninium salts (16). On treatment with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH for 60min, 16a, , d, (X=I), 16c (X=Br), and 16f (X=) rearranged to isomeric , -dialkyladenines (21a-f) in 50-91% yields. Treatment of the salts with 0.5N aqueous at room temperature for 30-90min or with Amberlite CG-400 (OH^-) in at room temperature gave the ring-opened derivatives a-f (in the trans-formamide form) in 56-83% yields, and rate constants for the ring-opening reactions of 16a, , d-g (X=) and 16c (X=Br) leading to a-g were determined in at pH . and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C. Cyclization of a with NaH in at room temperature or with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH produced 21a in % or 72% yield, respectively.In solution, the trans-formamides seemed to transform slowly into the cis-formamides 23, attaining equilibria. The existence of such an equilibrium in or - at 25°C or in at pH . and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C was kinetically confirmed in the case of a, and the mechanism of the rearrangement of 16 to 21 through is discussed on the basis of the above kinetic results and Deslongchamps' theory of stereoelectronic control. On treatment with in MeOH at room temperature, 16a (X=I) furnished the , -dihydro derivative 28 (% yield), which slowly decomposed in at 60°C to give a in 49% yield.The , -dialkyladeninium salts (16) were found to be obtainable from N'-alkoxy-1-alkyl-5-formamidoimidazole--carboxamidines () through an alternative synthetic route : Alkylations of with alkyl halides in in the absence of base, followed by hydrogenolysis of the N'-alkoxy group and cyclizatio (or vice versa) produced 16 in acceptable yields. In order to interpret the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a, the -deuterated species 26 was also synthesized from 24 via 25 and 27.

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Eight new sterols, 5α, -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, 5α, -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien--one (), 3β, 5α, -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en--one (3), 3β, 5α, , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien--one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 5α, , -tetrol (5), 5α, -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien--one (), 5α, -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en--one () and 5α, -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Six new sterols, 5α, ;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (1), 5α, ;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (), 5α, -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, -diol (3), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -diene-3β, 5α, -triol (), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-, -diene-3β, 5α, , -tetrol (5) and (24S)-ergost--ene-3β, 5α, , -tetrol (), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (1), (), C (3), D (), (5) X(), Y () and Z () were confirmed by extensive 1D and D NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (1), (), C (3), D () and (5) were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X () and Y () were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-1 (10→) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-5,,,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,,11-triene-3,-dione by comparison of extensive 1D and D NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of 1 derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and D into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-, C-5 and C-1, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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From the black coral Antipathies dichotoma, a sphingolipid (*,3S*,,)--[tetradecanoyl]-(),()-icosadiene-1,3-diol (1) and a steroid ()-methylcholesta-5,-diene-1α,3β,-triol () were isolated. Other known compounds, 3β,-dihydroxy-cholest-5-ene (3), (,24S),5α,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-,-dien-3β-ol () and (,24S),5α,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-,(11),-trien-3β-ol (5). The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antibacterial activity of five compounds was evaluated.

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Melithasterols A-D (1-), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl--dehydrocholestane-, -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common 3β, α -dihydroxy-5α, α-epoxy-Δ^ steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest--ene- 3β, 5α, α-triol 3-monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (,,), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19,20,21,a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds to were identified as 24-methylenecholest-5-ene- 3β, 16β-diol-3-0-α-L fucoside () and its β-() and α-hydroxy () derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest-5-ene-3β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by 5α, β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be 5β, α-isomer of 17, correlating to 17 by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19 was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be -dehydro-(20) and -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-3β, 5α 25-triol--one 25-monoacetate (a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost-5-ene-3β, α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo--homo-11-oxa-, 11-secoergostane-3β, α, 12ξ-triol--one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).

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Fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) have been analyzed for a unique sample of Ophiuroidea (brittle star) Ophiura sarsi containing novel nonmethylene-interruped (NMI) fatty acids, ,-icosadienoic (20:), ,,17Z-icosatrienoic (20:3), ,,19Z-docosatrienoic (:3), and ,,,19Z-docosatetraenoic (:) acids. All of the NMI fatty acids were concentrated in NL (mainly triacylglycerols) rather than in PL (mainly phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines). On the other hand, ,,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:n-3) usually observed in Ophiuroidea lipids was found in PL at higher concentration than in NL. Biological property and origin of the novel NMI fatty acids appear to be different from those of 24:n-3.

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Four new sterols, 5α, -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, -diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 5α, , -tetrol (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, (11), -triene-3β, 5α, -triol (3) and 3β, 5α, -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (5-18), of which two (5 and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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