Chemical properties of ergosta-, , 8(14), -tetraen-3-one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give , -epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, 7, -trien-3-one (2), which is transformed successively to , 7α;8α, -diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, -dien-3-one (3) and 14α-hydroperoxy--hydroxyergosta-, 7, -triene-3, -dione () under these reaction conditions.

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Four edible mushrooms, Panellus serotinus, Lepista nuda, Tricholoma matsutake and Naematoloma sublateritium, have been investigated chemically. Two new sterols, , -epidioxy-()-ergosta-7, -diene-3β, -diol (1) and , -epidioxy-()-ergosta-7, -diene-3β, -diol (2), have been isolated from Panellus serotinus. Compound 2 was also isolated from Lepista nuda. A new sterol, 3β, , , 14β-tetrahydroxy-()-ergosta-7, -dien--one (3), and compound 2 have been isolated from Tricholoma matsutake. Three new triterpenoids, sublateriols A- (-), have been isolated from Naematoloma sublateritium. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Eight new sterols, , 8α-epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -dien--one (2), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (3), 3β, , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (7) and , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, 7β, 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Accumulated evidences suggest that soluble oligomers of amyloid β42 and 40 (Aβ42 and 40) would be responsible for the Alzheimer’s disease. We proposed putative toxic dimer and trimer structures of Aβ42 with a turn at positions

and 23 (toxic turn) based on the systematic proline replacement, electron spin resonance, and solid-state NMR. Based on these structures, we synthesized several dimer models of the toxic-conformation-restricted P-Aβ40 using an ʟ,ʟ-2,-diaminopimeric acid (DAP) or an ʟ,ʟ-2,8-diaminoazelaic acid linker (DAZ) at position 30 or 38 (Fig. , 1～3). The trimer models of P-Aβ40 using 1,3,-phenyltris-ʟ-alanine (PtA) as a linker at position 34, 36, or 38 were also synthesized (Fig. , ～). Ion mobility-mass spectrometry suggested that high-molecular weight oligomers (12～24-mer) were formed only in the dimer model with DAP linker at position 38 (3), and this model exhibited potent neurotoxicity against SH-SYY cells. Although only the trimer model with PtA at position 38 () existed as high-molecular weight oligomers (～21-mer), its neurotoxicity was far less than that of the corresponding dimer model (3). These data indicate that the -terminal hydrophobic core plays an important role for the formation of high molecular weight oligomers (～20-mer) with neurotoxicity, and such a propeller-type trimer model () could not give oligomers with potent neurotoxicity. Similar results were obtained using the corresponding dimer and trimer models of P-Aβ42 (P-V40DAP-Aβ42 dimer, P-V36PtA-Aβ42 trimer, and P-V40PtA-Aβ42 trimer), suggesting that the results obtained in the Aβ40 dimer and timer models could be extended to the models of more toxic Aβ42.

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Six new sterols, , ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, 7α-diol (1), , ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, 7β-diol (2), , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, 7β-diol (3), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -diene-3β, , -triol (), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-7, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol () and (24S)-ergost-7-ene-3β, , , -tetrol (), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (7-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (1), B (2), (3), D (), () X(), Y (7) and Z (8) were confirmed by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (1), B (2), (3), D () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X () and Y (7) were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-1 (10→) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,7,,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,7,11-triene-3,-dione by comparison of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of 1 derived from singly and doubly ^<13>-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and D into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of -, - and -1, -10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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[1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with 7 kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=B++D+K++bF+cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1) B, , D, K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories. B=week day, classified into 7 categories. =pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into categories. D=kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2) , F, G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into kinds of area (2., 3., , 7, 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2. , F are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements. =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement. F=the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a, b, : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: +bF=A-(B++D+K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is 0.951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of , F. is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds : =_1+_2+_3+_. design elements [table] _1, _2, _3, _, these values have the grades, as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 0 is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And obtain the marks of 0 to grades as the sum of them. The values of F have also grades, 0 to . The principles to determine the values of , F are as follows : a) The marks obtained of , F must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained. b) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. ) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of , F values, as the table -, and - in the thesis in Japanese.

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Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (tcPCO2) were continuously measured during open heart surgery for fifteen patients aging from to 58.
The Hagihara transcutaneous CO2 electrode was used. This modified Severinghaus blood gas electrode consists of a PH-sensitive glass electrode and a silver-silver chloride reference electrode covered by a hydrophobic CO2 permeable membrane from which they are separated by a sodium bicarbonate electrolyte solution. The heating unit is also contained in this sensor-unit to dilate skin capillaries. Sensor temperature was maintained at 44° throughout the study.
This sensor was attached at the thigh of the patient. During open heart surgeries, 117 arterial blood samples were taken for the determination of PaCO2. The regression curve between tcPCO2 and PaCO2 was
tcPCO2=1.11×PaCO2+..
Using this formula, corrected tcPCO2 was calculated. During operation, at every thirty minutes the tcPCO2 and PaCO2 was determined and during . . ., at every fifteen minutes, the determination was made.
The mean value of corrected tcPCO2 showed no statistical difference from that of PaCO2 throughout the study. Before . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between 26.8 and 34. and the PaCO2 between 27. and 34.2 During . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between 18. and ., PaCO2 between 17. and 21.. After . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between .2 and 37., PaCO2 between 24.8 and 33.8mmHg respectively.
This value of tcPCO2 with this machine proved to have a good coefficient with that of PaCO2 (r=0.93).
In conclusion, this transcutaneous CO2 electrode is very useful for the monitoring of PaCO2 during open heart surgery.

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A monoclonal antibody, established from mice injected with dolphin peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was characterized. In addition to its reactivity against 89.% of dolphin PBLs, reacted with 33.1% of bovine PBLs of which % were CD ⁺, 11.1% were -. recognized a 34 kD protein on the surface of dolphin and bovine PBLs. Analysis of the protein's N-terminal amino acid sequence indicated that recognizes bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. These results suggested that recognized MHC class II antigens on bovine PBLs. As we have already produced an anti-dolphin MHC class I monoclonal antibody, analysis of immune system using these monoclonal antibodies will advance our understanding of the evolution of the mammalian immune system.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.

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Fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) have been analyzed for a unique sample of Ophiuroidea (brittle star) Ophiura sarsi containing novel nonmethylene-interruped (NMI) fatty acids, ,-icosadienoic (20:2), ,,17Z-icosatrienoic (20:3), ,,19Z-docosatrienoic (:3), and ,,,19Z-docosatetraenoic (:) acids. All of the NMI fatty acids were concentrated in NL (mainly triacylglycerols) rather than in PL (mainly phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines). On the other hand, ,,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:n-3) usually observed in Ophiuroidea lipids was found in PL at higher concentration than in NL. Biological property and origin of the novel NMI fatty acids appear to be different from those of 24:n-3.

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A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at - and/or - of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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