406 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in Japan have been collected from medical schools and hospitals of almost all parts of the country. Although its initial symptoms and histogenesis were discussed, the principal purpose of the authors' work was to carry out a morphological study of bronchogenic carcinoma. Therefore, macroscopical classification of the tumor in eleven types is presented. Histologically, bronchogenic carcinoma was divided into three major groups of epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, and these groups were further divided in 4 or 5 subgroups respectively according to their differentiation and histological features. Special emphasis was extended to a group tentatively named "under-differentiated adenocarcinoma", as it has a histological pattern easily confused with undifferentiated or epidermoid carcinoma.
According to the present classification, 369 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma with well preserved specimen were divided in 117 cases of epidermoid carcinoma, 136 cases of adenocarcinoma and 116 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma. As seen here, adenocarcinoma occupied the largest number of the groups in contrast to many reports dealing with histological classification by various authors, who classified epidermoid or undifferentiated carcinoma as the largest group of bronchogenic carcinoma. The difference will probably consist in the grouping of "under-differentiated adenocarcinoma" discussed here. Two cases of bronchogenic adenomas were briefly presented, and the malignancy of the cylindromatous type is added.
Coexistent tuberculosis was found in 53 cases of 406, and its relation to carcinoma was discussed with the presentation of histology.
Concerning metastasis, only two cases were free from it, and distributions of metastases in various organs and lymph nodes of different sites were described in correlation with histological pattern.

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34 cases of gastric cancer and control (gastritis, ulcer and normal stomach) were studied histochemically with regard to polysaccharides of ground substance.
1. At the advancing front of tumor, the stromal P. and the collagenic fibers are brought in intimate correlation.
In this aspect, the stromal reactions of both cancerous and non-cancerous stomach wall can be divided into 4 types as follows: a. Non-reactive type. b. Polysaccharide type. c. Polysaccharide-fibrous type. d. Fibrous type.
2. In case of gastric cancer, the hypertrophic growth type at the advancing margin (Imai) corresponds to (a), while the elongating or sprouting type (Imai) to (b) and (c). Some relationships between the growth types of cancer (Imai) and the stromal P. reactions are confirmed.
3. The stromal P. in the same tumor is influenced not only by various growth types but also by different histological pictures. PSP at the advancing front of tumor does not mean the response of the whole host body, but the mutual rela tion between the local tumor tissue and the stroma.
4. The stromal P. is produced from the surrounding of the advancing margin of tumor and the pericapillary spaces near it, P. from the former is reasonably referred to the depolymerization of ground substance, whereas blood born components can also play an important role in producing it.
5. Toluidin blue metachromasia, which is thought to indicate the grade of polymerization, comes up most outstandingly in case of polysaccharide type than other types.
6. The proliferative stimulus of producing stromal P. is most referable to the histolytic enzymes produced by tumor.
7. The stromal reactions are influenced not only by tumor tissue, but also by environmental tissue structures. The capillaries near the advancing margin seem to play a role in the reaction.
8. P. in ground substance is precipitated on surface of collagenic fibers in agglutinated appearance in case of formol fixation in contrast to alcohol fixation. PSP in ground substance does not so easily disappear from ground substance by formol fixation as is usually believed.

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The problem of whether or not tumor cells really have specific antigenicity, besides species specific one common to animal strain from which the tumor originated, has been studied by many investigators. Thus, at present, it has been proved that antigenicity of tumor cells manifests itself only in animals heterologously transplanted with tumors, and not in homologously transplanted animals. However, much remains yet to be studied as to whether the immunity against tumor cells obtainable in heterologously transplanted animals is merely due to the genetical difference among strains of animals used or whether tumor cells themselves have certain specific antigenicity playing an additional role therein.
As previously reported, the present author and associates have several times carried out studies on the immunopathological phenomena in tumor by homo- or heterotransplantation of ascites tumor cells of rat (Yoshida sarcoma, Takeda sarcoma, MTK sarcoma, Hirosaki sarcoma and ascites hepatomata) and have found the existence in tumor cells of two kinds of antigenicity, one, species specific, which is common to animal strain in which tumor originated and the other, tumor type specific. The latter is different from the antigenicity of normal animal cells, being common not to all kinds of rat tumor, but common to those rat tumors which are provided with the same morphological and functional properties.
In the present study several rat tumors of ascites type have been used as materials, in view of the fact that in this type of tumor cells the sequence of immune responces can be easily followed.

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The catalase reducing substance was secured from the tissues of Brown-Pearce's rabbit carcinoma and of human carcinoma.
1) The crude Alcohol precipitate was active at a dose of 10-15mg, but inactive at a dose of 1mg.
2) The active substance was precipitable with CuSO₄. The fraction once precipitated with CuSO₄ (Copper precipitate 1) proved to be active at a dose of 2mg, and the faction precipitated twice with CuSO₄ (Copper precipitate 2) was active at a dose of 1mg, while experimental animals showed no reaction at a dose of 0.2mg.
3) Of the two fractions such as nucleic acid fraction (KNA) and a protein fraction derived from Copper precipitate 2, the former reduced liver catalase activity at a dose of 0.1-0.2mg, but the latter proved inactive at 1.5mg.
4) One-tenth% aqueous solution of KNA showed an intensely positive orcin-HCl reaction, but was negative in biuret reaction. It exhibited a maximum absorption in ultraviolet rays at about 260mμ wave length, while the solution of the protein fraction showed at the same concentration the inverse reaction without showing any special absorption at 260mμ.
5) Of the fractions obtained from the control tissues, both Alcohol procipitate and Copper precipitate was inactive at doses of 30mg and 3mg, respectively. The RNA and DNA obtainable on the market proved also inactive at a dose of 30mg.
6) There was no apparent difference in amount of the Alcohol precipitate between the cancer and control tissues. But the Copper precipitate fraction derived from control tissues was very scanty in amount compared with that from cancer tissues.
7) The fraction corresponding to the KNA has not been obtained as yet from non-cancerous tissues.
8) Based on the data derived from the present investigation, the conclusion may be reasonable that the KNA fraction is one of the liver catalase depressing substances in cancer tissues, and that it is the most pure substance of this character, being composed chiefly of ribonucleic acid.

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Sarcoma was produced by repeatedly injecting 0.4% solution in propylene glycol of m-toluylenediamine subcutaneously into normal rats. Injections were made in doses of 0.5cc at as nearly the same site as possible on the back, and at the rate of once a week for about 8 months, and sarcoma developed in all the 9 rats that survived this period. No notable change in internal organs, no liver cirrhosis in special, was found in these rats.
The possibility of propylene glycol having enhanced the carcinogenic activity of m-toluylenediamine was discussed.

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A large series of quinoline derivatives were screened as to their anti-cancer action by means of in vitro test, using NF mouse sarcoma, and of in vivo tests, using both ascites and solid forms of Ehrlich mouse carcinoma. As the result of these tests, it was discovered that 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, 4-nitro-2-alkylquinoline-N-oxide, and 6-bromo-4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide show a very marked anti-cancer activity.

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A fraction was obtained from acetone dry powder of rhodamine sarcoma, transplantable rat hepatome and NF-sarcoma with hot acetic acid-methanol (2:3), extraction. That from rhodamine sarcoma was effective in 20mg injecting doses for mouse in depressing liver catalase activity and in reducing thymus weight, and those from hepatoma and NF-sarcoma were effective in 40mg doses for both actions.
One sample of the fraction derived from rhodamine sarcoma was subjected to ethyl alcohol fractionation, and divided into 4 fractions. The activity for thymus involution was distributed almost equally among them, but catalase depressing action was demonstrated only in fraction No. 3, which was active in 10mg dose. The procedure of acid-methanol extraction was applied to raw toxohormone, and yielded a fraction effective in 10mg doses for liver catalase depression, with no toxicity for mouse.
No nucleic acid contents were detected in any of these fractions by means of phosphate determination and ultraviolet absorption test.
Our hearty thanks are due to Dr. Nakahara for his kind interest and encouragement.

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In extensive experiments with mice and rats performed during the past decade, especially by Lorenz and Stewart and their co-workers (2-12), a relatively high proportion of precancerous and cancerous lesions were produced in the forestomach and small intestine by incoporating hydrocarbons in the diet, and gastric adenocarcinomas were readily produced by injecting methylcholanthrene into the wall of the stomach. No tumor, however, was induced in the glandular stomach and large intestine by oral administration of the carcinogenic substances. It was stated that the glandular stomach and large intestine are refractory to tumor formation because of the constant protective action of the mucous secretion.
On the other hand, several authors have reported on the occurrence of carcinoma of the colon in rats, using such substances as 2-acetylaminofluorene (13), radioactive yttrium (14), benzidine (15) and motor lubricating oil (16).
In this laboratory, it is demonstrated that the mucosae of the glandular stomach and large intestine in rat are not completely refractory to tumor induction. However, there is a strong contrast between the case of inducing tumors in the forestomach and small intestine (Lorenz and Stewart) and the production of adenoma or adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach and colon (the present experiment).
The investigation on the production of hyperplastic lesions of the glandular stomach in rats by oral administration of methylcholanthrene were extended by an increase in amount of carcinogen ingested. Majority of rats showed more or less definite adenomas or adenomatous lesions in the glandular stomach. Intestinal epithelial cells were observed in the gastric mucous membrane of one rat. An colonic adenocarcinoma with mucosal hyperplasia was induced in one out of 12 rats.

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