It is well-known that, at the end of the 19th century, the most important problem for China was to transform the despotic dynasty system into modern national system and to modernize her society. Constitutional and local autonomy systems were adopted during the transformation. However, after the 1911 revolution. the modernization process turned in a different direction. Whereas centralized system was always intended during nation-building process. opposing trend towards decentralization of powers always arose and confronted with it. Of course. the action that strengthened directionality that put meanwhile and maintained and strengthened an integral character of China worked completely. Moreover. because of trying for central power to infiltrate the rule and the administration by the provinces further. Then. why will such a situation be brought? In that case. were" Center" and"Provinces"any relations to each other? In this paper. I will advance the examination through the consideration of the political procedure that arrives from late imperial China in the 1920's.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the change of the relation between the central government and provinces in late Qing China. In imperial China, the relation between the central government and provinces which is different from the modern nation state existed. An administrative right was unified by the dynasty, but the administration was completely executed by the local bureaucrat. In the 19th century, modern traffic and communication industry was introduced, and they were managed and supervised by the local bureaucrat. such as governor general. In the 1900s, with political reform, the reorganization of the administrative system was begun.As for the traffic and communication administration, management of public railway and telegraph was transferred to the Youchuanbu 郵伝部 (Ministry of Posts and Communications) which was established in 1906. In 1908, the Qing government ordered all ministries to draft a nine-year policy program for the preparation to enforce the Constitution. After that. these programs were executed until the 1911 revolution, and became the basis for development of policies. In this process, unification of traffic and communication administration developed more. Xingzheng-gangmu行政綱目 (the table of the constitutional administrative system) which the Xianzheng-bianchaguan憲政編査館 (the Constitution Drafting Committee) presented in 1910, it proposed a systematical reorganization plan. According to it, traffic and communication administration had to be unified to the Youchuanbu. For example, the postal service which the maritime customs managed and local public telegraph which provincial government managed was transferred to the Youchuanbu in 1911. By this process, the relation between the central government and provinces was reorganized. The national traffic and communication administration was almost executed not by the local bureaucrat but by the central government. It is an epoch-making reform on the administration system of China.

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This paper focuses on the transition of regional economic system by examining the case of Banks and Banker's Association in the 1930s Chongqing, Sichuan China. Since the era of Qing dynasty, Chongqing was one of the most important financial and commercial cities in southwest China. In the early 19th century, and trading merchants (Shanghao or Zihao) were engaged in financial transactions and conversion. The 1930s was the turning point of the Chongqing economy. Politically, the regional rule by warlords was incorporated into the system of the Nanjing National Government. Economically, the regional and complex system of currency circulation was being integrated into the national currency system. At that time, many "Modern Banks" that learned from western "joint stock limited banks" were established in Chongqing, and at the same time, the Chongqing Banker's Association (CBA) was founded. The CBA had the function to unite the banking business and to create new concessions. By using CBA. the modern entrepreneurs increased their influence, regional autonomous economic system was changed into the national heteronymous economic system.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of capital formation and the effect of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) on Chinese economy. The domestic investment and the foreign companies' choice of location are essential to advance of capital formation. I analyzed mainly based on SUR (seemingly unrelated regression) model using the time series data from 1983 to 2004. In questionnaire, I ask about the several factors for determinants of FDI on Japanese companies. As a result, main conclusions are as follows : (1) Most importantly, the economic growth was input driven growth(capital and labor) in China. (2) In Chinese development, firstly FDI is increased and later domestic investment is increased， and then the capital formation is advanced. (3) The GDP and low wage is important to determinant the FDI. Accordingly, the Chinese economic growth is achieved the mechanism of capital formation.

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This paper empirically examines the change of wage structure with the enterprise ownership reforms in urban China. It uses Chinese Urban Household Income Project Surveys in 1995 and 2002.The main results are as follows. First, age effect is the most remarkable in private owned enterprises and foreign owned enterprises than the other ownership enterprises in also 1995 and 2002. Second. human capital effects are the most remarkable in private owned enterprises and foreign owned enterprises than the other ownership enterprises in also 1995 and 2002. Third. human capital effects become more important with the progress of market reforms in all ownership enterprises. Forth. there are gender wage differentia is in all ownership enterprises and gender wage gaps spread substantially in private owned enterprises and foreign owned enterprises. Fifth, the wage rate increases if the worker receives more vocational training. These results imply that the wage structures changed in the market economic reform period. The wage determination system changed from seniority-based wage structure to human capital factors (such as education years of school or tenures) -based wage structure. and the gender wage differentia spread with the progress of market reforms.

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