Warfarin is used worldwide to prevent cardioembolic stroke (CES) in patients with atrial fibrillation even in the era of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC). We evaluated clinical characteristics of the patients with CES and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurring during warfarin treatment, focusing on prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) at the occurrence. The consecutive 846 CES patients (78 ± 9 years) and 870 ICH patients (68 ± 13 years) admitted to the Hirosaki Stroke and Rehabilitation Center from April 2011 through March 2015 were studied. The antithrombotic agents administered in CES patients before the onset included antiplatelets in 146 patients (17%), warfarin in 205 (24%), DOAC in 37 (5%), and none in the other 458 (54%). Mean PT-INR within 24 hours after the onset in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with warfarin was 1.34 ± 0.33 (n = 129), and 111 of them (86%) showed PT-INR value below the recommended therapeutic range in Japan. The antithrombotic agents administered in ICH patient included antiplatelets in 87 patients (10%), warfarin in 86 (10%), DOAC in 8 (1%), and none in the other 689 (79%). Mean PT-INR within 24 hours after the onset in patients with warfarin was 2.27 ± 0.62 (n = 65), and 56 of them (86%) showed PT-INR < 2.8. Thus, there is a large population with poor warfarin control complicating CES and that with good warfarin control complicating ICH, indicating limitation of warfarin treatment in the DOAC era.

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A 59-years old man, having untreated hypertension and diabetes, was admitted to our hospital because of lumbago and fever. A T₂-weighted image of spine showed increased signal intensity of vertebra at L3 and L4. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection was confirmed by blood culturing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed pleocytosis. Diagsosis of pyogenic spondylitis with bacterial meningitis was made. Diffusion-weighted magnetic imaging of the brain disclosed a focal hyperintense lesion in the corpus callosum which showed a low coefficient in the apparent diffusion coefficient mapping. This finding suggests a clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS). His symptoms temporarily ameliorated by antibiotic therapy. Two weeks later, however, his conscious level rapidly worsened to comatose state. Concomitantly he developed acute renal failure with severe proteinuria. Serum serology showed a positive cryoglobulin test. Mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis and steroid pulse therapy improved his consciousness with a resultant complete recovery of all symptoms. We emphasize the possible complications in some cases of MERS.

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A 78-year-old man presented complaining of tingling and pain. Neurological examination revealed dysesthesia and hypothermesthesia below both knees and areflexia in the lower extremities. Laboratory data revealed elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin IgG4 and para-aortic, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy was evident on plain computed tomography of the abdomen. Microscopic findings of a bone marrow biopsy specimen showed occlusion of blood vessels with IgG4-positive plasma cells. IgG4-related disease was diagnosed because the bone marrow biopsy exhibited > 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field. Treatment was initiated with prednisolone starting at 30 mg/day, but no improvement in neurological symptoms was achieved. Sural nerve biopsy demonstrated obstructive thromboangiitis with severe loss of myelin and axons. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the relationship between obstructive thromboangiitis and steroid-resistant IgG4-related peripheral neuropathy.

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A 74-year-old man lost consciousness immediately after defecation. The loss of consciousness lasted for several minutes, and he experienced difficulty in walking when he regained consciousness. He was transferred to our hospital via an ambulance. Upon neurological examination, nystagmus and ataxia in the left arm and leg were noted. An MRI of the brain revealed multiple acute infarcts mainly in the bilateral cerebellum. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy with alteplase was initiated 3 h and 20 min after the onset of symptoms, and an improvement in neurological symptoms was observed. Echocardiography displayed a mobile mass in the left atrium, suggesting myxoma. After 14 days from the onset of symptoms, the tumor was surgically resected, and a pathological diagnosis of myxoma was established. Because of the unique event surrounding the onset in this case, we considered that there was a potential detachment of myxoma and/or thrombi fragments triggered by an increase in intrathoracic pressure induced by the action of defecation. This present case suggests that clinicians should consider cardiac myxoma in patients with cerebral infarction if the stroke is preceded by a Valsalva maneuver-like action and accompanied by the loss of consciousness.

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A 61-year-old woman developed hearing difficulties and became thirsty after experiencing cold symptoms. A neurological examination revealed a loss of odor sensation, facial palsy, dysphasia, and dysarthria. Vocal cord palsy was observed during pharyngoscopy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a thickened pituitary stalk and swelling of the pituitary gland, but no high signal intensity regions were seen in the posterior portion of the pituitary gland. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI demonstrated a thickened dura mater over the anterior cranial fossa. A biopsy specimen of the thickened dura mater showed fibrosis, granulomatous inflammation, and necrotic foci. Blood tests detected myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA). The patient’s urine osmolarity was low even though she exhibited hypernatremia. We diagnosed her with hypertrophic pachymeningitis associated with MPO-ANCA and diabetes insipidus. The patient received two courses of 5-day high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (1.0 g/day), and was subsequently administered oral prednisolone, which gradually relieved her symptoms. However, the patient’s symptoms recurred despite the high-dose prednisolone treatment. It was difficult to control the patient’s symptoms in this case with oral prednisolone monotherapy, but combined treatment with cyclosporine resulted in sustained remission. It is considered that patients with MPO-ANCA-positive hypertrophic pachymeningitis require combination therapy with prednisolone and immunosuppressive agents at an early stage.

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An 85-year-old woman with untreated hypertension was admitted with a disturbance of consciousness. On admission, brain CT revealed a lobar intracerebral hemorrhage with a midline shift. An intracranial hematoma was evacuated via a life-saving craniotomy. Definite pathological findings of amyloid-β deposition in the excised hematoma (strong in anti-amyloid β40 immunostain, but weak in anti- amyloid β42) indicated cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). She had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease at a regional memory clinic one month before symptom onset based on MRI findings of medial temporal lobe atrophy as well as CAA-related features of multiple strictly lobar cerebral microbleeds in the occipital lobe, cortical superficial siderosis and >20 enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale. This experience suggests that comprehensive interpretation of such CAA-related findings on MRI might help to improve the management of cardiovascular risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.

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A 64-year-old male came to our hospital emergency department with fever and consciousness disturbance. Culture tests of blood and spinal fluid samples revealed meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis), and we made a diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings revealed ventriculitis. Ceftriaxone was administered for 17 days, however, relapse was noted after that was discontinued, with neutropenia and renal impairment thought to be adverse reactions to the beta-lactam antibiotic. Hence, treatment was switched to oral administration of moxifloxacin for a total of 12 weeks, including in an outpatient setting. After moxifloxacin was discontinued, no side effects or relapse were seen, and treatment was ended. Although antibacterial agents generally show favorable effects for meningococcal meningitis, we consider that sufficient antimicrobial therapy is difficult in cases complicated with ventriculitis.

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A 48-year old male patient developed numbness in the lower half of the body 5 months after the curative operation of left renal cell carcinoma. Neurological examinations revealed the sensory disturbance below the T10 dermatome. A sagittal T₂WI of the spinal MRI demonstrated a longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion (LESCL) ranging from the C7 to L1 vertebral level. The neurological deficits rapidly deteriorated to paraplegia with bladder bowel disturbance. The high dose steroid pulse therapy showed temporary effect. The Gd enhanced T₁WI of the spinal MRI taken on the 24th hospital day demonstrated a solitary intramedullary mass in the T8–9 level with ring enhancement, and a subsequent total resection of the tumor was performed. The histopathological studies of the tumor lead to the diagnosis of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of the renal cell carcinoma. The post-operative T₂WI of the spinal MRI revealed disappearance of the longitudinally extensive lesion. On the 112 hospital day, he was discharged with ambulatory aid. While solitary intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is quite rare, it should be suspected when the LESCL is revealed on a spinal MRI, even after the curative operation of the primary tumor.

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An 80-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with acute onset of flaccid paraplegia and sensory and urinary disturbances that developed soon after acute pain in her lower back and leg. Neurological examination revealed, severe flaccid paraplegia, bladder and rectal disturbances and dissociated sensory loss below the level of L1 spinal cord segment. MR imaging with T₂ weighted imaging (T₂WI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) on day 2 showed hyper signal intensity in the spinal cord at the vertebral level of L1 while initial apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) showed decreased signal intensity in the lesion. We diagnosed spinal cord infarction, and anticoagulant and neuroprotective agents were administrated. Serial MRI findings revealed that the DWI signal of the lesion attenuated with time, and pseudo-normalization of the ADC occurred approximately 1 month after onset. These findings were similar to those seen in brain infarction. Our patient demonstrated serial MRI changes of spinal cord infarction showing anterior spinal cord syndrome.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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