Geographical Review of Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-1727
Print ISSN : 1347-9555
ISSN-L : 1347-9555
Volume 79, Issue 2
Displaying 1-4 of 4 articles from this issue
  • Isao SAITO
    2006 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 53-81
    Published: February 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Intensive dairying developed around big cities in California including Los Angeles. Los Angeles' milkshed in 1930 was found in the San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, and in the southwest and southeast sections of Los Angeles. Drylot dairies, however, moved to the southeast area including Belflower, Norwalk, Artesia, Dairy Valley in Los Angeles County, and Dairyland and Cypress in Orange County. During the 1960s, they were forced to move again to the Chino Valley due to urban encroachment. Since the 1980s and especially in the latter half of the 1990s, dairies in the Chino Valley began to seek space in the San Joaquin Valley, California, as well as in other western states. This paper intends to scrutinize the three-step relocation of Los Angeles' dairies with special reference to dairies' ethnic background.
    Dairy farming in the San Joaquin Valley was originated by the British and farmers from continental Europe, although Portuguese dairies came to predominate. Mega-dairies increased in the San Joaquin Valley due to the three-step relocation. Studies in Kern County suggest that the size of the dairy and the year of relocation are closely connected. The dairies that moved from southern California during the 1960s had fewer than 1, 000 cows, while those that moved from the Chino Valley in the 2000s kept more than 3, 000 cows. Dutch dairies that relocated from the Chino Valley to San Joaquin Valley now comprise 50% of ethnic dairies. Some Dutch families with brothers and sons migrated to open two to three mega-dairies in the San Joaquin Valley. They selected dairy sites along freeway interchanges and crossroad avenues, avoiding Azorean Portuguese dairies that are located in the suburbs of cities in Tulare County. However, county commissioners in the San Joaquin Valley hesitate to give permission to new mega-dairies due to such environmental problems as manure runoff, odor, and nitrate contamination of groundwater.
    Dairies in California began to seek new sites outside the San Joaquin Valley in the 1990s. Some dairies overflowed to adjacent Arizona and Nevada. Others moved to the Boardman area in Oregon, Twinfalls area in Idaho, Mesquite, Roswell-Lake Arthur-Artesia and Clovis-Portales in New Mexico, and the high plains including the Texas Panhandle and western Kansas. Western Kansas, blessed with vast space and groundwater from the Ogallala aquifer, is expected to become the dairy region of the next generation. However, mega-dairies cause air and water pollution in new location. The Environmental Protection Agency and local governments tend to regulate new confined animal feeding operations strictly, and dairies are no exception. If new space for relocation is not found, the remaining 200 dairies in the Chino Valley must establish new “dairy parks” in the near future to sustain their economic activities.
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  • Masatoshi MORITA, Kei-ichi OKUNUKI
    2006 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 82-96
    Published: February 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper deals with the so-called edge effect problem arising when the network K-function method is applied for analyzing geographic phenomena. The problem is that the results of the analysis depend on defining how the edges of the region where the phenomenon occurs are set. The problem is in this paper, considered focusing on the relation between the region size and the resulting network K-function. In the GIS literature, many researchers have considered this problem in applying the K-function method on a plane. However, to the best of our knowledge, the problem in applying the K-function method on a network has never been examined. Analysts using the network K-function method can be misled when they obtain problematic results. To overcome the edge effect problem, how the edges of the region where the analysis is conducted affect the results of the analysis should be examined.
    For this examination, a mathematical model of the K-function value K (h) obtained by the application of the network K-function method into a point pattern distributed on a straight line is developed. This model shows that a critical value exists independently of the locations of the edges of the region on this line. In this paper, this critical value is referred to as the lowest limit value _??_low (h). Using _??_low (h), an equation is obtained which enables analysts to determine how the edges affect the results.
    To extend the considerations on the straight line into those on a network, an empirical study was also conducted on the road network of Nisshin City, Aichi Prefecture, where 25 convenience stores are located. Through this empirical study, a different equation was obtained for the analysis of a network from that obtained for the analysis of a straight line. This equation suggests that analysts are able empirically to understand how the edge of a network affects the results of the network K-function analysis and to estimate how the results change as the edge moves.
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  • Shingo ITO
    2006 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 97-110
    Published: February 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Yokohama, there are many residential estates developed in the 1960s. This study investigated 48 residential estates that were developed in the late 1960s and examines whether their population patterns differ from one another.
    Differences already existed in 1975, not long after the residents first started to live on the estates. It was accepted in previous research that housing type was responsible for such differences. Accordingly, this paper examines the relation between age structure and housing type.
    In 1975, it is apparent that ratio of owned houses influenced residents' age structure. The age structure in rented houses was more imbalanced and younger than that in owned houses. However, in 1985, the imbalance in the age structure in rented houses belonging to public corporations moderated rapidly. Because a considerable number of residents moved out and new ones moved in from 1975 to 1985, this housing type experienced a slowdown in the rate of increase in the average age. In contrast, the residents in apartments developed by the local government and detached-housing estates did not change actively, and therefore the average age of those residents rose rapidly.
    In 2000, the average age and the proportion of the elderly population rose rapidly regardless of housing type. In particular, the local government apartments recorded the highest value in their indices because of the aging of residents and in-flow of the elderly. Consequently, some local government apartments or private detached-housing estates recorded an elderly population totaling more than 30%.
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  • 2006 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages i-iv_2
    Published: February 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: December 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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