Ishikawa Sanshiro was a representative Japanese anarchist who ranked with Kotoku Shusui and Osugi Sakae. He defected to Europe in 1913 and remained there for 8 years, develping a close relation ship with Paul Reclus, in whose vegetable garden he worked in Dordogne, France. Paul Reclus was the nephew of Elisée Reclus, the greatest geographer and anarchist theorist in 19th- century France. His exile in Europe gave him the opportunity to form a friendship with Edward Carpenter, “discover” Elisée Reclus, and live an agricultural life. After coming back to Japan in 1920, Ishikawa took up residence in Chitose in the suburbs of Tokyo and studied Elisée Reclus, cultivating his garden as at Domme in Dordogne. He published many articles concerning Elisée Reclus in his personal periodical Dynamique and presided over a small circle for the “Study of Elisée Reclus” to which he delivered lectures once a month. In those days, he translated and published the first volume of the monumental work of Reclus' later years, L'Homme et la Terre, Man and the Earth. In 1933, Ishikawa published two important books, Kinsei Domin Tetsugaku (Philosophy of the Anarchist Democracy) and Rekishi Tetsugaku Joron (Introduction to the Philosophy of History), which were his original anarchist theories. They are based on Elisée Reclus' ideas, and especially in the latter, he referred frequently to Reclus' L'Homme et la Terre. He criticized the theories of evolution and dialectical historical materialism, which were the academic mainstream theories in those days in Japan Although. Ishikawa held that this was also Reclus'opinion, the author does not agree. Reclus did not take a critical stance toward the theories of evolution without acknowledging the struggle for existence and of dialectical historical materialism. Ishikawa's anti-evolutionism and anti-Marxism come from his nihinlism and Edward Carpenter's anticivilisation ideology. Although Ishikawa has the same ideas as Reclus on the view of the world and on the universe, he had a different view of humans in the universe. While Ishikawa Sanshiro had a pessimistic view of life, Reclus believed in progress and hoped for solidarity amony human beings.

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In the present paper, the water temperature at 30 spring sites in the Tokyo metropolis was investigated with a research focus on its change over the last 20 years. The temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity of spring water were measured in situ in both the dry season and wet season for the years 2005-2006. In addition, the concentration of silica was determined to estimate the recharge area of each spring. By compiling the past records on spring water temperature observed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, consecutive observation data from 1987 to 2006 were arranged for analysis. As the first step, water temperature was classified according to each spring site and each season. Subsequently, the Mann-Kendall rank statistic method was applied to clarify the trend of long-term changes in spring water temperature with due regard for the effect of outliers. As a result of analysis, with a significance level of 5%, a rising tendency of water temperature was detected in 13 spring sites during the dry season and 11 sites during the wet season.
A negative correlation, statistically significant at the 5% level, was found between the silica concentration of spring water and the difference in water temperature between the dry and wet seasons. This result suggests that spring sites with higher silica concentration have relatively longer residence times and more extensive recharge areas. Under such conditions, it is probable that the changes in air temperature and other environmental factors might have little effect on the water temperature due to the comparatively large thermal capacity of the springs.

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